Taking an at home pregnancy test is often the first thing a female will do if she suspects that she is pregnant. With modern kits claiming reliable results from as early as four days before menstruation ([menses](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menses/)) is due to start, they are considered a quick, affordable, risk-free and non-invasive tool, that can be used from the comfort of your own home. It is no wonder their use is so widespread, but are they reliable; will they produce an accurate result and, if positive, how confident can you be that you really are pregnant? **How at home pregnancy tests work** ------------------------------------ Many women will be familiar with how a pregnancy test works, even without personal experience; they are a commonly utilised prop in TV dramas and, with multiple brands and variants available, they are easily recognisable on the shelves of any pharmacy and most supermarkets. The premise is simple; hold the stick in your urine stream, wait a few minutes for the test to work and then a small screen will reveal yes or no, + or -, pregnant or not pregnant. Some will also guesstimate exactly how many weeks along you are. The tests work by detecting the levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin ([HCG](https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/human-chorionic-gonadotrophin/)) in the urine. HCG is known as the ‘pregnancy hormone’, it is produced once the fertilized egg is implanted in the wall of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) and levels will double every two to three days, until it reaches peak levels at about [10 weeks gestation](https://nabtahealth.com/your-pregnancy-week-10/). **Can Accuracy of Home Pregnancy Tests Be Trusted?** ---------------------------------------------------- Most home pregnancy tests are reasonably accurate, provided the instructions are followed carefully. A positive result will almost always be accurate, but a negative result may be more questionable. If you suspect you are pregnant and have missed a period, but your result was negative, it may be worth repeating the test in a couple of days. A [false negative](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/false-negative/) result might occur if the test is taken too early. There is an 8-10 day window between conception and [implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/) when HCG will not be produced. If taken in this time, a test will always give a negative result. Not all women will necessarily know exactly when they conceived and, even if they do, cycle fluctuations might mean that determining the point of [implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/) is difficult. Women who experience irregular cycles are particularly susceptible to [false negative](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/false-negative/) results as they may misjudge precisely when their period is due. Some medications can affect the results of a pregnancy test. Certain drugs used to treat allergies, as well as anti-anxiety medications, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants and fertility drugs can all [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to a false result. Antibiotics and the [oral contraceptive pill](https://nabtahealth.com/the-oral-contraceptive-pill/) will not affect the accuracy of the test. If you are taking any medications and suspect you might be pregnant, you should make an appointment with your doctor, firstly to confirm whether you actually are, but also to discuss the safety implications of remaining on your medication for the duration of your pregnancy. Whilst [false positive](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/false-positive/) results are rare, they can happen, usually as a result of a very early pregnancy loss. 15-20% of conceptions result in a spontaneous [miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/), often before a female is even aware that she has conceived. The advent of pregnancy tests that can be used prior to a missed period, has raised the likelihood of such an event occurring and is perhaps one reason to wait for the suspected day of [menses](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menses/) before testing. **How to maximize the effectiveness of an at home pregnancy test** ------------------------------------------------------------------ As mentioned earlier, waiting until at least the day that your period is due, will give a more accurate result. Studies have questioned the validity of claims made by some manufacturers that their tests can accurately detect pregnancy up to four days before a [period is due](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/i-have-regular-periods-could-i-still-have-pcos/). These same studies do agree that tests used on the day of suspected [menses](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menses/) will usually give an accurate result. Most at home tests can detect more than 50% of pregnancies by the expected day of [menses](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menses/). In practical terms, you can also improve the effectiveness of a _pregnancy test_ by taking certain steps. Try performing the test first thing in the morning, when HCG levels are at their highest. Avoid diluting your urine by minimizing the amount of fluids you consume immediately before taking the test. Make sure that the stick has sufficient exposure to urine (if in doubt, collect in a sample pot and measure from there) and that you wait long enough before checking the results. Also, check that the control panel has given the correct result, as this will indicate whether the test is working. In conclusion, these tests serve as valuable methods to clinically validate pregnancy. Personally, both of my pregnancies were first detected using a shop-bought pregnancy test. In both instances I waited until well past the day that my period was due, and, in fact, once a positive result was obtained, I underwent no further medical testing/confirmation until I had my 12 week ultrasound scan. Nabta is reshaping [women’s healthcare.](https://nabtahealth.com/) We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)[menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Try [Birth preferences session](https://nabtahealth.com/product/birth-preferences-session-and-birth-plan/) and learn more in case you are pregnant. Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#7b021a17171a3b151a190f1a131e1a170f1355181416) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources:** * Cole, Laurence A. “The Utility of Six over-the-Counter (Home) Pregnancy Tests.” Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 49, no. 8, Aug. 2011, pp. 1317–1322., doi:10.1515/cclm.2011.211. * “Home Pregnancy Tests: Can You Trust the Results?” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 12 Jan. 2019, [https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/in-depth/home-pregnancy-tests/](https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/in-depth/home-pregnancy-tests/art-20047940)[art](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/art/)\-20047940. * “How Accurate Are Home Pregnancy Tests?” NHS Choices, NHS, [https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/pregnancy/how-accurate-are-home-pregnancy-tests/](https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/pregnancy/how-accurate-are-home-pregnancy-tests/). * Morse, Jessica E., et al. “Evidence-Based Pregnancy Testing in Clinical Trials: Recommendations from a Multi-Stakeholder Development Process.” Plos One, vol. 13, no. 9, 12 Sept. 2018, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202474.
A man will be diagnosed with a low [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) count if his semen sample contains fewer than 15 million [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) per milliliter. The medical term for this condition is oligozoospermia and it is one [reason for male](../causes-of-male-infertility) [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/). Establishing the [prevalence of male](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/why-is-it-so-difficult-to-establish-the-prevalence-of-male-infertility/) [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/) is challenging. However, abnormal [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) production, including low [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) counts, is considered to be one of the major contributing factors. Having a low [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) count does reduce the odds of a couple falling pregnant. However, it can still happen; after all, it only takes a single [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) to fertilise an egg. A female can only fall pregnant if she ovulates, which is the process by which an egg is released from the ovary. This happens about midway through her menstrual cycle; for a woman with a 28 day cycle, [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) will occur around day 15. This is when she is at her most fertile and conception is most likely to occur. However, [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) can survive for approximately five days inside the female body. For those who wish to maximise their chances of conceiving, it is worth having intercourse every day. That is, from at least four days prior to the expected date of [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). The released egg is only viable for fertilisation for 12-24 hours after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). Intercourse after this time will not result in pregnancy. ##### Methods used; There are methods available to assist a female in determining if and when she has ovulated, including commercially available kits and the charting of [basal body temperature](https://nabtahealth.com/charting-your-basal-body-temperature-bbt/) (BBT). BBT will rise 0.5°C after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). Knowing precisely when [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) is likely and timing intercourse accordingly, will further increase the chances of successful fertilisation. If a female’s cycles are irregular this may be more challenging. Often the cause of low [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) count in males is unknown, with hormones, medications, genetics and childhood conditions all thought to play a role. To further increase the likelihood of pregnancy without medical intervention, men may be encouraged to make certain [lifestyle changes](../environmental-factors-that-contribute-to-male-infertility). It is important to treat underlying medical conditions. Adopting a [better diet](../do-vitamins-and-other-nutritional-products-improve-sperm-count) and avoiding alcohol and smoking can help. Seeking help for the management of medical issues, such as [](../what-are-varicoceles)[varicoceles](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/varicoceles/), genital infections and hormonal irregularities. Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#463f272a2a270628272432272e23272a322e6825292b) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources:** * “Low [Sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) Count.” _Mayo Clinic_, 18 Sept. 2018, www.[mayoclinic](https://www.mayoclinic.org/).org/diseases-conditions/low-[sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/)\-count/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374591. * Sengupta, P, et al. “The Disappearing Sperms: Analysis of Reports Published Between 1980 and 2015.” _American Journal of Men’s Health_, vol. 11, no. 4, July 2017, pp. 1279–1304., doi:10.1177/1557988316643383.
Is it period while you’re pregnant, First of all, * It is normal for around a third of [pregnant](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/ectopic-pregnancies-why-do-they-happen/) women to experience spotting or light bleeding. This is not a period. * When you [become pregnant](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-do-pregnancy-tests-work/), you hormones will prevent [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) and therefore you will not have periods. Is it a myth that pregnant women don’t have periods? ---------------------------------------------------- In short, no! You cannot get period while you’re pregnant. Both your period and [pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/getting-started-with-nabta-health-your-101-guide-to-pregnancy-week-by-week/) cause fluctuations in hormones. Because both events can bring on their own unique set of challenges, it’s easy to wonder if you can expect to get your [period](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/why-are-my-periods-irregular/)—or something like it—while you’re pregnant. About 25-30 percent of women will have light bleeding in [pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-do-pregnancy-tests-work/). These can be from various reasons including [implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/) bleeding, cervical issues, [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/) abnormalities, [ectopic pregnancies](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/ectopic-pregnancies-why-do-they-happen/), and miscarriages. In general, you will not get your period while you are pregnant. There is a small percentage of women who could have longer-than-usual periods and may continue to bleed, but will also be ovulating at the same time. If this occurs, you could technically be pregnant while on your period. However, you would not typically know at this stage because it would be extremely early (as in 1-3 days) into your pregnancy. With this exception, you will not get your period while you are pregnant. This is due to the fact that your body has a menstrual cycle when you have not conceived and when you do become pregnant, the hormone shift prevents [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) and therefore any further periods. What causes bleeding during pregnancy? -------------------------------------- Many women experience bleeding when they are pregnant and can mistake this for a period. It is important to be aware of all the reasons you could experience vaginal bleeding while pregnant. Then notify your physician if you think your bleeding is cause for concern. Possible causes of bleeding include: * [Implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/) Bleeding. This occurs when the fertilized egg implants in the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/). * [](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-is-an-ectopic-pregnancy/)[Ectopic Pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/). This is a life-threatening event where a fertilized egg implants in another location instead of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/). The degree of bleeding can vary but is often accompanied by pain on the right or left side of your lower abdomen, dizziness, and lightheadedness. * [Miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/). A [](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/causes-of-miscarriage/)[miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/) or [threatened](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/miscarriage-101/) [miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/) is a pregnancy that ends on its own without carrying to term. A [miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/) causes bleeding, which possibly has large blood clots in the blood. A woman will also experience uterine cramping. Other times, you may experience some mild spotting with brown or light pink blood throughout your pregnancy. This bleeding is typically very light. This could be due to cervical irritation or infection. Talk with your physician immediately if the bleeding starts to worsen. When should I be worried about bleeding during pregnancy? --------------------------------------------------------- Here are some important situations where you should be worried about bleeding during pregnancy: * If you are bleeding heavily or if the bleeding is accompanied by severe abdominal pain. * If you are bleeding and have experienced a fall or other trauma. * If you are bleeding and have a history of miscarriages or other complications in previous pregnancies. * If you are bleeding and are in the second trimester of pregnancy or later. If you are pregnancy or think you might be pregnant and experience bleeding with pain, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional immediately. \_\_\_ Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of periods, fertility, pregnancy, and [](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary)[menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). You can track your menstrual cycle and get [personalised support by using the Nabta app.](https://nabtahealth.com/our-platform/nabta-app/) Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#fa839b96969bba949b988e9b929f9b968e92d4999597) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources:** * American Pregnancy Association * Am I Pregnant? Health * MYTH: You Can’t Get Your Period During Your Pregnancy. KidsHealth https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/period-pregnancy.html * Can You Still Have Your Period If You’re Pregnant? Parents * Can You Be Pregnant and Still Get Your Period? Powered by Bundoo® Edited by Nabta Health
Think you might be pregnant but it’s too early to show on an at-home pregnancy test? Or maybe you want to know when’s the right time to take a pregnancy test to get an accurate result? When you’re trying for a baby and want to know if you’ve conceived, the waiting and wondering can feel interminable. While the only way to know for certain that you’re pregnant is with a positive pregnancy test, there are some ways to calculate that you might be pregnant. #### _What are the signs I should take a pregnancy test?_ Early signs of pregnancy differ for every woman. You may feel instinctively that your body is changing. Or you may notice some [common early pregnancy symptoms](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/am-i-pregnant-13-early-signs-of-pregnancy/): – Light spotting ([implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/) bleeding) – Tender or sore breasts – Nausea and possibly vomiting – Mild cramps and abdominal pain – Headaches – Tiredness and fatigue – Food cravings – Frequent urge to pee – Metallic taste in mouth – Missed period – A general feeling that something is ‘different’ Although not all women will experience these very early pregnancy symptoms, they can be an indicator that it’s time to take a pregnancy test. #### _I have irregular periods. How do I calculate if I’m pregnant?_ Irregular menstrual cycles make it tricky to know for certain when you are ovulating and difficult to decide when you should take a pregnancy test. Look for the common early signs of pregnancy above. And if you have been measuring your basal body temperature (BBT), a [persistent rise in BBT](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/basal-body-temperature/about/pac-20393026) for 18 days or longer after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) might indicate pregnancy. #### _When is a pregnancy test positive?_ A [pregnancy test](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-do-pregnancy-tests-work/) is only positive after [implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/), when the fertilised egg attaches to the lining of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) wall. Over the counter urine tests measure the levels of [human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532950/) hormone which is only present if you are pregnant. hCG levels start to rise straight after [implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/). Most at-home pregnancy tests return a positive result around the time of your first missed period, when hCG reaches detectable levels in the urine. If your periods are regular this is about 14-16 days after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). That said, [healthcare professionals](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/accuracy-of-home-pregnancy-tests/) recommend waiting for up to 21 days after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/), or at least a week after your missed period, before taking a home pregnancy test. For some women it can take time for pregnancy hormone levels to be high enough for a urine test to detect, resulting in an inaccurate result if taken too early. If you don’t want to wait until after you have missed your period, you should wait 7 to 14 days after you had sex to take a test. Just remember that you might get an inaccurate result if you take the test too soon. #### _How do online pregnancy confirmation calculators work?_ Unsurprisingly, there’s also an online tool to calculate if you are pregnant before you use a pregnancy test kit. [Online pregnancy confirmation calculators](https://www.medindia.net/patients/calculators/pregnancy_confirmation.asp) promise to detect if you are pregnant using your menstrual cycle length, last menstrual period date and symptoms. Ultimately though, the only way to know for sure is by taking a pregnancy test.
You’re ready to start a family and you want to know what helps you get pregnant fast. Conceiving can take time, and fertility is different for every woman and couple. If you are trying for a baby, there are natural ways to increase your chances of getting pregnant. #### _Getting your body ready for pregnancy_ You can start by taking some lifestyle steps to prepare your body for conception. Your health before pregnancy can improve your chances of conceiving. And preconception wellbeing contributes to a healthy pregnancy. So, in the 3 to 4 months before trying for a baby: – Take **prenatal vitamins**: Start taking prenatal vitamins with [folic acid](https://nabtahealth.com/product/folic-acid-test/) before and during pregnancy to ensure your body is nutritionally strong, with all the [minerals and vitamins required for healthy fetal developmen](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/4-supplements-to-take-when-trying-to-conceive/)t. – Get a **well-woman health check**: Get a full preconception medical to flag any potential health issues that could affect you getting pregnant naturally or could affect your pregnancy. Use this check-up to make sure your vaccinations are up to date. – **Stop smoking, vaping,** and **drugs**. Limit **alcohol** intake and cut back on **caffeine**. – Eat a [**balanced diet**](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/eating-to-conceive/): Boost your health with a varied diet covering all five food groups. – Keep a **healthy weight**: Being underweight, obese or overweight can affect your fertility. – **Exercise** regularly: Exercise that builds strength, endurance and muscle tone will help your body stay healthy and strong during pregnancy and labour. – Get lots of sleep: Sleep patterns affect hormones. Stick to a regular 7-8 hours sleep routine as you prepare your body to conceive. – **Reduce stress**: High stress levels are linked with difficulties getting pregnant. – **Come off hormonal contraception**: If you’re on hormonal contraception (the pill, [IUD](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iud/), patch, ring implant) your body needs time to readjust and for cycles to return to your personal normal. #### _Know your fertile window_ Timing is everything when you want to conceive. You need to time sex with [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). The man’s [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) must meet and fertilise the woman’s egg at the right time. Knowing your fertile window and timing sexual intercourse with [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) is key to increasing your chances of getting pregnant. Women typically ovulate around 12 to 14 days before their next period. If your periods are regular (the average menstrual cycle is 28 days but it’s normal for women’s cycles to be anywhere from 21 to 40 days) you count back from the first day of when you would expect your next period. #### _Trying to get pregnant_ Have sex at least every 2 to 3 days in the [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/)\-up to [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). [Sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) can survive for several days in the female reproductive tract and once you’ve ovulated your egg has a 12-to-24-hour window for fertilisation, so for the best chances of conception have regular sex in the [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) up to that brief window. #### _What are the signs of [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/)?_ Use fertility awareness methods to predict when you are most likely to conceive. If you have irregular cycles, combine these non-invasive physiological cues with tracking your menstrual cycle length to determine when you are most fertile: – Check [**cervical mucous**](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cervical-mucus-method/about/pac-20393452): As you near [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) you’ll notice your discharge becomes clear, stretchy, and wet, with the consistency of raw egg whites. This means you are at your most fertile. – Chart your [**basal body temperature (BBT)**](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21065-basal-body-temperature): There’s a small rise in body temperature after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). Measuring BBT over 3-4 cycles will give a fairly accurate prediction of the exact point of [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). Other methods for tracking [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) include: – **Calendar method**: This works by recording menstrual cycles on a calendar for 6-12 months and calculating fertile periods. It’s most effective as a fertility predictor when combined with cervical mucous and BBT methods. – [](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-do-ovulation-predictor-kits-work/)**[Ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) predictor kits**: Over the counter [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) kits work in a similar way to at-home pregnancy tests. You pee on a stick measuring luteinizing hormone and a surge in this hormone indicates [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). Unfortunately, this doesn’t prove an egg has been released and a woman can have the hormone surge but fail to ovulate. – **Period tracker apps**: Smartphone [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) tracker apps, like [OvuSense](https://nabtahealth.com/product/fertility-cycle-monitoring-with-ovusense/), monitor menstrual cycles and predict fertility. Fertility awareness, knowing and understanding your body and its menstrual cycles, and lots of patience, helps lots of couples to conceive. But getting pregnant isn’t always as straightforward as knowing your body and having lots of sex. If it’s taking longer than expected to fall pregnant, make an appointment with your healthcare team. If you are under 35 see a doctor after 12 months of trying for a baby. If you are over 35 seek advice after 6 months of trying to get pregnant. [Nabta Health](https://nabtahealth.com/) provides personalised and evidence-based support and resources for women, wherever they are on their fertility journey.
Ectopic literally means ‘abnormal place or position’. An [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is when the fertilised egg implants outside the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) and the embryo begins to develop in that site. The most common location is the fallopian tube, but ectopic pregnancies can also happen in the ovary, abdomen and sometimes in the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/) or a [c-section scar](https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/complications/testing-for-ectopic-pregnancy-what-to-expect/). Unfortunately, the fetus can’t develop or survive in sites outside the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/), which are unable to hold a growing embryo. And there is serious risk to the mother’s health if the [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is not diagnosed. #### _How can I detect an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/)?_ Ectopic [pregnancy symptoms](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/pregnancy-symptoms/) usually develop [from the 4th week of pregnancy](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/). Signs to look for include: – Intermittent vaginal bleeding, watery and brownish in colour – Persistent sharp abdominal cramps and pain low on one side – Nausea and vomiting – Shoulder tip pain – Urge to go to the toilet, discomfort when doing a pee or a poo, and sometimes [diarrhoea](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/diarrhoea/). Sometimes an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is only detected during a routine pregnancy ultrasound scan. If you have experienced one [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/), there is a [10% risk](https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/ectopic-pregnancy-information-support) of it happening again. _Does an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) show up on a home pregnancy test?_ Ectopic pregnancies produce [human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532950/) so register as a positive on a home pregnancy test. #### _How do doctors diagnose an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/)?_ An [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is tricky to diagnose because the [symptoms](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/pregnancy-symptoms/) can be confused with a healthy pregnancy, with all the typical early signs of pregnancy, including missed periods, tender breasts, and fatigue. And not every woman has symptoms. Or even realises she is pregnant. Doctors usually diagnose an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) with a test to [measure hCG in the blood](https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/complications/testing-for-ectopic-pregnancy-what-to-expect/). In an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) levels of the hormone rise at a slower rate than in a normal pregnancy. A pelvic exam with a [transvaginal ultrasound](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/transvaginal-ultrasound/) scan then confirms the size and position of the pregnancy. #### _What happens if an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is not detected?_ It’s crucial to diagnose ectopic [pregnancy early](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/am-i-pregnant-13-early-signs-of-pregnancy/). Unfortunately, the embryo can’t be saved and could mean ruptured [fallopian tubes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fallopian-tube/), internal bleeding, or even maternal death if left untreated. [Signs of a fallopian tube rupture include](https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/ectopic-pregnancy-information-support) – Sudden intense abdominal pain – Dizziness and weakness or fainting – Feeling nauseous – Looking very pale and unwell. If you notice any symptoms of a ruptured fallopian tube, you must call emergency services at once and go directly to your closest hospital for urgent medical attention. #### _Treatment for [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/)_ If a doctor confirms [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) in its early stages, they will probably prescribe a [methotrexate](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191676/) injection. Methotrexate stops the cells dividing and halts embryo growth. But if the [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is advanced or ruptured, surgery may be necessary to remove it under general anaesthetic with a [laparoscopy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/laparoscopy/) (keyhole surgery). The surgeon will remove the pregnancy, and may remove the fallopian tube if they decide that is the best approach for the mother’s safety. An [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is a distressing and potentially life-threatening event for any woman. If something doesn’t feel right, or if you notice signs or symptoms of a potential [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) go to your nearest healthcare centre at once.
Congratulations, you’re pregnant! Maybe your [at-home pregnancy test](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-do-pregnancy-tests-work/) is positive, or perhaps your doctor has confirmed your pregnancy with a blood test. Either way, these are exciting, scary, and nerve-wracking times. If this is your first pregnancy, life is about to completely change. If you have been pregnant before, you know the ins and outs of those early days. And as these first weeks and months of pregnancy can feel like a physical and emotional rollercoaster it’s worth a reminder of where you should focus your energy for you and your little one. #### _Here are 13 dos and don’ts for a healthy pregnancy_ #### _Do…_ 1\. First things first. Take **Folic acid**. Folic acid can prevent [](https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/vitamins-supplements-and-nutrition/)[neural tube](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/neural-tube/) defects in your baby, including spina bifida. The minute you know you are pregnant, take 400 micrograms daily for at least 12 weeks. And try to eat foods rich in [folate](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/folate/), including leafy greens, citrus fruits, and pulses. 2\. Make an appointment to see your **maternal healthcare team** and schedule your antenatal checks, tests, and screenings. 3\. Take Antenatal (prenatal) **vitamins**. [Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/), [vitamin B12](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-b12/), [iron](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iron/), iodine, calcium, and vitamin C are essential for your baby’s healthy development and must be taken in the right quantities. Antenatal vitamins are designed to include safe amounts of the vitamins and minerals your body needs most during pregnancy. 4\. Eat a **healthy diet**. A balanced diet during pregnancy includes the five food groups – fruit, vegetables, wholegrains, lean proteins, and good fats. Remember, the maternal diet supplies all the essential nutrients to the growing fetus via the [umbilical cord](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/umbilical-cord/) and [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/). 5\. **Sleep**, rest, and sleep some more. Your body is working around the clock to create a little person. Exhaustion is totally normal, as is putting your feet up and getting lots of rest. You have a good excuse! 6\. Stay active. Regular **exercise** that builds strength, endurance and muscle tone will help your body stay healthy and strong during pregnancy and labour. #### _Don’t…_ 7\. **Drink alcohol**. If you drink alcohol, stop. At least for the next 9 months. When you drink, alcohol passes through the [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/) to your baby. Exposure to alcohol affects your baby’s development and leads to a higher chance of [miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/), premature birth, and low birth weight. It could also [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to [fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FADS)](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/foetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/). 8\. **Smoke**. Put that cigarette out, or vape down, now. Smoking during pregnancy can [damage your unborn baby’s brain and lungs](https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/health_effects/pregnancy/index.htm). It increases the risk of [miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/), preterm delivery, and low birth weight. And some studies link smoking during pregnancy and following birth with [SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome](https://www.lullabytrust.org.uk/safer-sleep-advice/smoking/)). 9\. Drink too much **caffeine**. Caffeine can cross the placental barrier and some studies say it may increase the risk of [miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/) or [low birth weight](https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/moderate-daily-caffeine-intake-during-pregnancy-may-lead-smaller-birth-size). If caffeinated drinks are getting you through the day try to limit your daily intake to 200 milligrams. 10. Eat **raw meat**, unpasteurised dairy products, or undercooked meat and eggs. Some foods carry the risk of food poisoning, infections, and serious illness. [Listeriosis](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis) and [](https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/index.html)[toxoplasmosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/toxoplasmosis/) can pass to the fetus and cause severe birth defects and sometimes [miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/). Make sure all food you eat during pregnancy is pasteurised and well-cooked. 11. Clean out the **cat litter.** You can still cuddle your cats, just ask someone else to take on the litter cleaning job while you are pregnant. [](https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info/pregnant.html)[Toxoplasmosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/toxoplasmosis/) can be transmitted through parasites in a cat’s poo. 12. Have a **sauna**, hot tub, jacuzzi or steam room. According to some health experts, a [significant rise in core body temperature could be harmful during](https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/pregnancy/is-it-safe-to-use-a-sauna-or-jacuzzi-if-i-am-pregnant/) the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Doctors also warn there are risks of overheating, dehydration, dizziness, and fainting. 13. Do **contact sports**, scuba diving and any activities where there is a risk of falling and hurting your bump, like climbing, horse riding and skiing. Remember, if in doubt, ask your maternal health team for advice. And if anything doesn’t feel right, don’t hesitate to contact your nearest healthcare clinic. [Nabta Health](https://nabtahealth.com/shop/) provides personalised support, resources, and clinical pathways for mothers-to-be. Get in touch if you have any questions about topics raised in this article, or any aspect of your pregnancy journey.
If you’re trying to get pregnant, the wait from possible conception to seeing those longed-for two blue lines is a time of nervous anticipation, impatience, and anxiety. Early signs of pregnancy differ from woman to woman. And every pregnant woman experiences her pregnancy symptoms at different times. Some women feel intuitively that their body is changing before they realise they are pregnant. Other women won’t know until they miss their period or do a pregnancy test. #### _What are the pregnancy signs in the first week?_ So, I think I might be pregnant. What should I look out for? After [conception, fertilisation](https://myexpertmidwife.com/blogs/my-expert-midwife/0-4-weeks-from-period-to-pregnant) and [implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/) [things start to happen quickly in your body](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/your-pregnancy-weeks-1-2/). Some [pregnancy tests](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-do-pregnancy-tests-work/) can detect hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) hormone levels as early as one or two weeks after conception. And your body could show first signs and symptoms of pregnancy at around the same time. 1\. Spotting: Some women notice very light ‘[implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/) bleeding’. This might be as little as a spot or two of blood, or some pinkish discharge over a few days. 2\. Mild cramping: Women may experience minor cramps or discomfort in the lower abdomen, back or pelvis area when the embryo attaches to the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) lining. 3\. [Tender breasts](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/your-pregnancy-week-5/): Breasts sometimes feel swollen or sore to the touch due to hormonal changes. They may also tingle, or veins may be more visible through the skin. 4\. [Missed period](https://myexpertmidwife.com/blogs/my-expert-midwife/4-8-weeks-pregnancy-hormones-and-symptoms-to-babys-early-developments): If your periods are regular and you skip a period, or your period is a week or more late, you should do a pregnancy test. 5\. Nausea: Morning sickness with nausea, and sometimes vomiting, is a common pregnancy symptom during the first trimester. Feeling nauseous can start as early as a few weeks after conception for some women. 6\. Headaches: Mild headaches, sometimes accompanied by dizziness, are due to hormonal changes and the increase in blood pumping around your body. 7\. Raised basal body temperature (BBT): A consistently high BBT for 18 days or more may be an early sign of pregnancy. 8\. Heightened sense of smell (hyperosmia): Sensitivity to smells and strong odours is one of the first indicators of pregnancy in many women. 9\. Metallic taste in mouth: Some women experience a strange metallic taste in the mouth (as if you have licked a pocketful of coins!) in early pregnancy. This seems to disappear after the first trimester. 10. [Intense fatigue](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/your-pregnancy-week-5/): Higher levels of [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) can mean extreme tiredness and exhaustion. This is a common sign of pregnancy during the early months. 11. Frequent urge to pee: If you find you need to rush to the bathroom more often, and you have other pregnancy symptoms, it may be time to take a pregnancy test. 12. Bloated feeling: Some people have a feeling of fullness, or bloating, like having a gassy stomach, in the first weeks after conception. 13. Food cravings: An unexplained need for salt and vinegar crisps with caramel ice cream? Bizarre food cravings are a pregnancy symptom hallmark. #### _How do I know for sure that I’m pregnant?_ You may experience all, or some, or just one of these early pregnancy symptoms (most likely the missed period!) but this doesn’t mean a more, or less, healthy pregnancy. Just remember not to compare your own experience to anyone else’s early pregnancy journey. A positive pregnancy test, [taken at least one week after your period is due](https://myexpertmidwife.com/blogs/my-expert-midwife/0-4-weeks-from-period-to-pregnant), and those two all-important blue lines, is the only way to know for sure that you are pregnant. #### _I have a positive pregnancy test… Now what?_ If you have missed your period and your [at-home pregnancy test](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-do-pregnancy-tests-work/) is positive, the next step is to make an appointment to see your doctor. If you aren’t yet taking [folic acid](https://nabtahealth.com/product/folic-acid-test/), start taking antenatal vitamins now. These early months will see vital developments for you and your baby. Rest, when possible, eat a well-balanced diet, drink plenty of fluids, say goodbye to alcohol and smoking, and let the news sink in…
Pregnant moms have been told for years to take extra calcium to protect their bones. In accordance to pregnancy health, research is showing that it’s also important to get enough fat-soluble vitamins like [](https://nabtahealth.com/product/vitamin-d-test/)[vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) and vitamin K, not only for their effect on calcium [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) but also for their ability to protect your growing baby. Pregnancy is hard on a woman’s bones, where about 99 percent of a woman’s calcium is normally stored. Throughout pregnancy, calcium is transferred from the mother to the baby, ensuring the developing baby has enough calcium to grow strong bones and develop properly. However, at the same time calcium is being drawn out from your bones, your body is making adjustments to protect your calcium supply and hopefully prevent bone disorders later in life. These adjustments include changes to your hormone levels, your ability to absorb calcium from foods, and how quickly calcium turns over in bones. Still, studies have shown that calcium levels typically decline throughout pregnancy, leading doctors to recommend that pregnant women take steps to protect their calcium supply. Pregnant are advised to get at least 1,300 mg of calcium daily. ##### [Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) and Pregnancy [Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) is a critical factor in transporting calcium to the developing baby, where it is used to help build healthy bones and teeth, skin, and develop eyesight. The primary source of [](https://nabtahealth.com/product/vitamin-d-test/)[vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) comes from the sun. [Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) is synthesized in the skin in response to exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays. Because exposure to sun varies by region, many experts recommend that pregnant women take [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) supplements to ensure they are receiving enough. A number of studies have shown that [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) supplements may contribute to higher birth-weight babies and reduce the rate of some complications in newborns, including calcium deficiency. [](https://nabtahealth.com/product/vitamin-d-test/)[Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) also has other benefits. Newer research has shown that levels of [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) “skyrocket” in early pregnancy, reaching levels that would be toxic in a non-pregnant person. Researchers believe this is because [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) plays an important role in regulating the immune systems. Both for the mother and her developing baby. Pregnant and [breastfeeding women](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/benefits-of-breastfeeding-for-the-mother/) should get a total of 600 IU of [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) every day. A typical daily prenatal vitamin offers about 400 IU. Good food sources of [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) include fortified milk, fatty fish like salmon, and egg yolks. ##### Vitamin K and Pregnancy Although not as well known as [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/), research also shows that vitamin K is important during pregnancy to help maintain healthy calcium levels. Vitamin K works closely with [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) to help transfer calcium into the bones. It also increases the activity of a protein called osteocalcin, which makes it possible for the bones to absorb calcium. Deficiencies in vitamin K have been linked to [osteoporosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/osteoporosis/) and “hardening” of the arteries, or arterial calcification. Other studies have suggested that daily intake of 800 IU of [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) combined with 45 mcg of vitamin K and 1,300 mg of calcium can reduce the lifetime risk of bone fracture. This is by as much as 25 percent. The daily recommended intake of vitamin K is 90 mcg a day for women. Good sources of vitamin K include leafy greens like spinach, as well as broccoli, kidney beans, and other food sources. Before beginning any dietary supplementation program, it’s always a good idea to check with your healthcare provider. **Sources:** * American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology * Nutrition During Pregnancy. Hollis BW, Wagner CL * [Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) supplementation during pregnancy: Improvements in birth outcomes and complications through direct genomic alteration * Mol Cell Endocrinol * 2017 Sep 15;453:113-130. Schwalfenberg, G * K * (2017) * Vitamins K1 and K2: The Emerging Group of Vitamins Required for Human Health. Journal of Nutrition and [Metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/), 2017, 6254836 * http://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6254836 Powered by Bundoo®
 _**Week 1**: Y_ou aren’t officially pregnant yet, but your pregnancy will be dated from the first day of your last menstrual period, making this week 1. Congratulations! You are menstruating (shedding your [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) lining and last cycle’s unfertilised egg\] and a new cycle is starting. Now is a good time to start your prenatal vitamins, cut back on alcohol and smoking, and follow a healthy and balanced diet. _**Week 2:**_ You haven’t conceived yet. Your body is preparing to ovulate. You’ll notice your cervical mucus changes in volume, texture, and colour as your fertility increases. Just before [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) your cervical mucus will be thinner and cloudy, or yellowish, and your basal body temperature (BBT) will drop. _**Week 3:**_ You are at your most fertile. During [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) your cervical mucus is the colour and consistency of egg whites and your BBT rises. An egg is released from one of your [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/) into your [fallopian tubes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fallopian-tube/) and waits to be fertilised by a [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/). Your egg can wait for 12-24 hours for a [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) to successfully push through its outer surface. You’ve conceived! Your fertilised single cell [zygote](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/zygote/) will divide and multiply rapidly over the coming days. This cell cluster, the blastocyst, then travels from your [fallopian tubes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fallopian-tube/) to your [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/). _**Week 4:**_ The blastocyst arrives in your [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) and implants in your uterine lining. You may notice some [implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/) spotting or bleeding, no need to worry, this is normal. Now connected to you, the blastocyst divides into the embryo (your baby) and the [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/) which will soon take over from the yolk sac to nourish your baby and remove waste. Your pregnancy hormones will start to kick in around now and you may start to feel some hormonal symptoms such as mood swings and tender breasts. Your embryo is the size of a poppy seed this week. _**Week 5:**_ Your period is late and with your hCG levels now high enough to return a positive home pregnancy test things are getting exciting. Your body’s working overtime to establish the [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/) and major organs and systems in the embryo, which is now the size of an apple pip. You’ll probably start to feel some fatigue and light nausea this week and you might notice those famous pregnancy food cravings (and aversions) kick in. _**Week 6:**_ Your baby is growing quickly and is the size of a pea, with the look of a tiny tadpole! Organs are continuing to develop and an ultrasound might detect your baby’s heartbeat now. The [neural tube](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/neural-tube/) is closing – the spinal cord and brain will develop from this – and small buds are the start of arms forming. Your pregnancy symptoms are more pronounced. Fatigue, nausea (morning sickness), tender breasts, bloating and indigestion are all common. And with your growing [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) putting pressure on your bladder, you may need to urinate more frequently. _**Week 7:**_ This week your baby is the size of a blueberry. Its brain cells and face start to develop, small leg buds will form, and the little arm buds will lengthen. The pregnancy hormones [oestrogen](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/oestrogen/) and [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) are responsible for your sore, swollen breasts. Your food aversions, nausea, [heartburn](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/heartburn/), need to pee and utter exhaustion aren’t going away anytime soon. But you are building a baby! _**Week 8:**_ Your baby is the size of a kidney bean. Fingers and facial features are forming, and retinas are developing (although you won’t know the colour of your baby’s eyes for another 7 months). Your baby’s internal sexual organs also start to grow now. You can add tightening clothes (your [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) is the size of a tennis ball right now), vaginal discharge and [constipation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/constipation/) to the list of pregnancy symptoms. Remember to go easy on yourself, you are creating a little human. _**Week 9:**_ Your baby is the size of an olive. Arms lengthen, elbows appear, and toes are forming. The spinal cord ‘tadpole tail’ has almost gone and your baby’s heartbeat is strong enough for your doctor to hear using a doppler device. Extreme pregnancy fatigue takes over. This is normal; your body’s coping with a spike in hormone and [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) levels and is working flat out to develop a healthy [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/) for your baby. _**Week 10**:_ Your baby is the size of a strawberry. Now officially a foetus, your baby’s head is rounder, eyelids and ears continue to develop, elbows can bend, and fingers and toes are lengthening. What’s more, tooth buds are now forming under the gums. You are probably seeing some roundness in your lower belly now (your [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) is the size of a large orange). Nausea, [constipation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/constipation/), and indigestion may be making life uncomfortable, and the fatigue isn’t going anywhere. Remember to keep your fluids up. _**Week 11**:_ Your baby is the size of a fig. Its head is oversized at about half the length of its body; but this will soon catch up. Eyes are wide apart, eyelids are fused shut, and ears are low. Your baby’s external reproductive organs start to grow but it will keep you guessing its gender for now. With your body pumping 50% more blood you may feel hot and dizzy. Morning sickness might ease while your appetite increases. Try to eat delicious and nutritious food and not give into the temptation to eat for two! _**Week 12:**_ Your baby is the size of a plum. The [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/) has taken over from the yolk sac and is nourishing your growing baby. Your baby’s internal organs and muscles are now fully formed, skeletal bones are hardening, and nails are forming. Some women will notice their hair and nails growing stronger and shinier, and the arrival of the ‘mask of pregnancy’ (chloasma), triggered by hormonal changes. Your early pregnancy symptoms of nausea, need to pee and indigestion may be lessening now. _**Week 13:**_ Your baby is the size of a lemon. Your baby is swallowing [amniotic fluid](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/amniotic-fluid/), and its kidneys are making and releasing urine. Its head is now a third of its body length, vocal cords are forming, and you might see your baby making jerky movements on an ultrasound. You won’t feel these flutters and kicks for a few more weeks though. You are in your second trimester and it’s all starting to feel more real! Your [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) is pushing up and out and you might be thinking about your maternity wardrobe. Headaches, nosebleeds, and bleeding gums sometimes show up around this time; try using a toothbrush for sensitive gums. _**Week 14:**_ Your baby is the size of a nectarine. Hair follicles are forming, and senses of taste and smell are developing. External sex organs are in place. And your baby can suck its thumb and make facial expressions now! You are in the ‘honeymoon’ period of your pregnancy (in theory!). Hopefully you are feeling less tired and nauseous, and more energetic. You may experience a jabbing ‘[round ligament pain](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/round-ligament-pain/)’ in your lower abdomen, caused by your expanding [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) – why not put your feet up and rest a little. _**Week 15:**_ Your baby is the size of a pear. And it might have hiccups! Facial features are moving into position and a scalp pattern is forming. Your baby is growing rapidly and becoming more active. Its developing bones will soon show on an ultrasound. As your bump grows your belly skin might be feeling itchy, try massaging in some unscented lotion. Apart from the common pregnancy symptoms, bleeding gums, nosebleeds, and increased vaginal discharge… you are feeling more energised this week. People may even comment on your pregnancy ‘glow’. _**Week 16:**_ Your baby is the size of an avocado. As your baby’s muscles and bones strengthen, its head straightens in line with its body, and movements become more coordinated. Your baby’s eyes are moving beneath its closed eyelids, skin is thickening, and facial hair is appearing. Be aware that urinary tract and vaginal infections (you’ll have noticed an increase in vaginal discharge) are more common now. You’ll find your weight increases as your baby grows. Remember to eat a healthy diet and stay active. Walking, swimming, pregnancy yoga and Pilates are all ideal for exercise during pregnancy. Ask your doctor if you aren’t sure. _**Week 17:**_ Your baby is the size of a pomegranate. And you might feel your baby move this week! Those little flutters could be kicks, or backflips, or hiccups. You won’t know for sure but isn’t it exciting. Your baby is also developing fat stores for energy and insulation. And it now has its own unique fingerprints. Your bump is getting bigger and is beginning to show. With your organs making space for your growing bump and [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/) the indigestion is back. You may also notice an increase in breast size due to hormones and milk-producing glands. _**Week 18:**_ Your baby is the size of a sweet potato. Eyes are moving into position, ears are standing out, and your baby might start hearing muffled sounds this week. Myelin, an insulating substance, now coats and protects the spinal cord and nervous system, helping messages travel along nerve pathways faster. And your baby’s digestive system is working. It’s all going on! Your [linea nigra](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/linea-nigra/) (or pregnancy line) is showing and you have the odd dizzy spell as your centre of gravity shifts and your blood pressure dips mid-pregnancy. Avoid standing for long periods and keep your fluids up. _**Week 19:**_ Your baby is the size of a mango. Arms and legs are in proportion with the body and its little wriggles are still flutters. [Vernix caseosa](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vernix-caseosa/), a white wax-like coating will soon cover your baby, protecting its delicate skin during its months sitting in [amniotic fluid](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/amniotic-fluid/). [Round ligament pain](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/round-ligament-pain/), dizziness, [constipation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/constipation/), and now maybe backaches and leg cramps. Your appetite is good though (remember to eat healthy amounts of fibre to keep things moving) and you’ll hopefully still be feeling bursts of energy. _**Week 20**:_ Your baby is the size of a bell pepper. Your baby is developing its own sleep-wake cycle and might even wake to the sound of your voice. You can see your baby’s gender on an ultrasound now. If it’s a little girl she already has 6-7 million eggs in her tiny [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/), imagine that! You’re halfway through your second trimester. Your bump is popping, and your tummy button looks different (is your innie now an outie?) It’s normal to feel breathless at times. This is due to pregnancy hormones and your growing [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) now pushing against your lungs. _**Week 21:**_ Your baby is the size of a banana. And it’s now heavier than the [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/). A thin downy layer of hair called [lanugo](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lanugo/) helps bind the vernix to your baby’s skin. Bone marrow begins to take over red blood cell production from the liver and spleen. And you can now hear your baby’s heartbeat with a stethoscope, does it sound like galloping horses? You continue to experience common second trimester symptoms. You may also notice new [stretch marks](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/stretch-marks/), swelling in your feet and ankles, and [varicose veins](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/varicose-veins/) (thanks to your changing hormones and the weight of your growing [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/)). For relief, go for a swim or have a bath, keep your fluids up, and take your weight off your feet when you can. _**Week 22:**_ Your baby is the size of a papaya. Eyebrows and hair are visible. Tear ducts are forming, and although eyes are still shut, they are sensitive to light. Your baby’s sense of touch is developing, it can reach out and grab the [umbilical cord](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/umbilical-cord/). The hormone [relaxin](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/relaxin/) loosens ligaments around your pelvis to prepare for childbirth. This increased mobility can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to pelvic, hip, and other joint pain. Avoid heavy lifting or standing for too long. Oh, and your indigestion is off the charts. On the plus side, your hair is lustrous, and everyone says you have that pregnancy bloom. _**Week 23:**_ Your baby is the size of an eggplant. The lungs are learning to breathe, while the [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/) still provides all the baby’s oxygen in the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/). Fat and muscle are building and your baby is more active. You can definitely feel those kicks now. Pay attention and you’ll soon identify your baby’s regular patterns of movement. Your growing bump may be attracting attention. And you’ll find everyone has a theory about your baby’s gender based on the shape of your belly! Leg cramps are more common. Try to stretch and flex your foot to ease the cramping. _**Week 24:**_ Your baby is the size of a rockmelon. Your baby’s taste buds are becoming more sensitive and when your baby swallows [amniotic fluid](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/amniotic-fluid/) it can taste the food and drinks you have been eating! Your baby’s skin is still wrinkled and translucent; the fat it is adding will help smooth the wrinkles and regulate body temperature. The top of your [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) reaches just above your tummy button. You might start to feel sporadic [Braxton Hicks](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/braxton-hicks/) ‘practice’ [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/) when your bump briefly tightens and relaxes. Your [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) is preparing for labour. Now is a good time to start doing gentle pelvic floor exercises. During weeks 24-28 a glucose intolerance test will check for signs of [gestational diabetes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/gestational-diabetes/). _**Week 25:**_ Your baby is the size of a cauliflower. Senses are still evolving, and nostrils are unplugged, ready to smell and breathe fresh air in a few months. Your baby is looking pinker due to capillaries forming under the skin. The brain, lungs, nervous and digestive systems are all developing rapidly. Guess what, your [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) is now the size of a football! Unsurprisingly, your growing [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) puts pressure on your stomach and organs, which affects digestion. Your belly size (also known as the fundal height) is measured by the distance between your pubic bone and top of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/). _**Week 26:**_ Your baby is the size of an iceberg lettuce. Your baby’s startle reflexes are working, and you might feel a sharp jab in response to sudden loud sounds. Eyelashes are sprouting and your baby’s eyelids will open this week. The retinas are developed but the iris pigmentation, which determines your baby’s eye colour, is still filling in. You might feel tired and uncoordinated as you grapple with pregnancy [insomnia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insomnia/) and sharing your body with your growing baby. If you seem more forgetful than usual this is normal – ‘baby brain’ really is a thing. Go easy on yourself and if anything doesn’t feel right talk to your doctor. _**Week 27:**_ Your baby is the size of a zucchini. If you are carrying a boy the testicles drop into the scrotum around now. Your baby is gaining fat and weight and is moving around more and changing positions. Get a sense for your baby’s activity and alert your doctor if you notice decreased fetal movement. You are in the final week of the second trimester! Your breasts feel heavier due to the growth of glandular, milk-making, tissue. If you feel bloated drink lots of fluids and eat foods high in fibre, and fresh fruit and veg. And you may find it more comfortable to sleep on your side. _**Week 28:**_ Your baby is the size of an eggplant. Your baby is making more facial expressions and an ultrasound might show your baby sticking out its tongue! Your baby’s nervous system can control breathing movements (fresh air breathing comes later) and regulate temperature. This is also a time of rapid brain growth. You’re in your third trimester. You and your baby still have some growing to do. You may feel more back and pelvic discomfort, and need to pee frequently, as the bump puts pressure on your bladder, pelvis, and lower back. Keep up the light activity and stretching. _**Week 29:**_ Your baby is the size of a butternut squash. Calcium intake is up, bones are strengthening, and your baby is adding fat and weight. This will continue until birth. Your baby is busy in there: kicking, turning, stretching, and grabbing…you may see your tummy forming odd shapes! Your healthcare team might talk to you about a birth plan if you don’t have one. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is common during the third trimester. If RLS is keeping you up at night (along with the [heartburn](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/heartburn/), need to pee, [insomnia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insomnia/), and leg cramps…) now is a good time to check your [iron](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iron/) levels, and continue the gentle daytime exercise. _**Week 30:**_ Your baby is the size of a pomelo. If you feel a repetitive tapping your baby might have hiccups. Don’t worry, they are totally normal. They could even be from the food you ate! Your baby’s skin is thicker now and the downy [lanugo](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lanugo/) covering your baby’s body is falling away. You’re starting to feel tired again and everyone wants to touch your belly. Regular gentle exercise will help you sleep better, manage the aches and pains, and stay strong for labour. Take the pressure off those [varicose veins](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/varicose-veins/) with regular feet-up time. _**Week 31:**_ Your baby is the size of a pineapple. Brain connections are developing, eyes are open and eyelids are blinking (slowly at first). Your baby’s lungs are still maturing and its bones are hardening. You are in the home stretch. Your expanding [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) is now a couple of inches above your belly button. This is putting pressure on your diaphragm and lungs, making it hard for you to catch your breath. You may find your breasts start leaking small amounts of creamy yellowish [colostrum](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/colostrum/). _Week 32:_ Your baby is the size of a small pumpkin. Your baby continues to add weight, making your [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) less roomy by the day. Finger and toenails are growing, they may even need clipping by the time your baby arrives in the world. A lot of babies move into head-down position around now. Some will keep flipping around, others will stay in bottom-down position ([breech](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/breech/)) just before birth. Your face may feel puffy due to water retention. Always mention any puffiness or swelling to your doctor. Your baby’s head-down position is increasing the weight on your bladder, you need to pee little and often! Remember to keep up your pelvic floor exercises. _**Week 33:**_ Your baby is as big as a celery head. All five senses are well-developed now. Your baby can hear and react to your voice, and your baby’s pupils can respond to light changes. While your baby’s bones are hardening, the skull will stay soft and flexible to fit through the birth canal. You are overheating (that’s hormones for you), headachy, out of breath, you need to pee all the time, and you have pelvic pain. Oh, and you aren’t sleeping (and everyone is telling you to sleep while you can)! But you are also nesting and feeling some nervous anticipation. Remember to sign up for antenatal classes. _**Week 34**:_ Your baby is the size of a honeydew melon. The vernix protecting your baby’s skin is coming off in the [amniotic fluid](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/amniotic-fluid/) which reaches its highest volume this week. Wriggling, swallowing, and breathing in the [amniotic fluid](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/amniotic-fluid/) helps your baby’s muscles, bones, digestive system, and lungs mature. To ease your [heartburn](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/heartburn/) try eating regular small meals during the day and avoid rich, spicy foods. Blurry vision and dry eyes can cause discomfort at this stage. Eyedrops help, and if you are a contact lens wearer you may find it more comfortable to wear glasses. _**Week 35:**_ Your baby is the size of a honeydew melon. Your baby’s brain is going through another period of explosive development in neurons and wiring. In fact, your baby’s brain weight increases by a third in the third trimester. The skin has filled out and is plumper. Your baby is putting on around half a pound a week. It’s normal for your baby to feel more wriggly in the last few weeks of pregnancy. It’s a squash in there and you can feel your baby jostling for space. Contact your healthcare team if your baby’s movements seem less regular. Pack your hospital bag and do a dummy hospital run if you haven’t already. _**Week 36:**_ Your baby is the size of coconut. Things are getting cramped in your [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/). Your curled up baby has an established sleep-wake cycle and hearing is sharper. Your baby is now considered ‘late preterm’ or ‘near-term’. While still maturing, if born now your baby would need little, if any, assistance after delivery. You will have your group B strep swab this week to check for group B streptococcus. Your midwife will check your baby’s presentation (position). Your baby may engage this week. This is when the head drops into your pelvis and means your baby is in position for labour. Don’t worry if the head doesn’t engage yet, the timing is different for everyone. Your midwife will also go through your birth plan. _**Week 37:**_ Your baby is the size of chard. Although ‘early term’ at 37 weeks, your baby could arrive any day now. In the meantime, your baby is fine-tuning facial expressions, sucking its thumb and swallowing. Lungs, brain and liver are still maturing, and the digestive system will continue to develop during your baby’s first few years of life. Your body is preparing for labour and delivery. If your baby’s head has dropped into your pelvis you’ll notice pressure here and a ‘lightening’ around your diaphragm and lungs. If your baby is still in [breech](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/breech/) position your doctor might talk to you about options to turn your baby. Any painless [Braxton Hicks](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/braxton-hicks/) should ease when you change positions. Contact your healthcare team if you feel regular, increasingly strong [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/) that don’t ease when you move. _**Week 38:**_ Your baby is the size of a rhubarb. You are still ‘early term’ and your baby has shed most [lanugo](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lanugo/). Your baby’s grasp is firm, practising by grabbing fingers and the [umbilical cord](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/umbilical-cord/). Your baby is adding weight daily, with head and abdomen now the same circumference. You’ll notice an increase in thin white vaginal discharge. This is normal. Look out for the mucous plug, bloody show and any sign of your waters breaking. Keep rubbing lotion on that tummy to soothe your stretched skin. If you can, take the weight off your swollen feet and ankles. Your nesting instinct is strong; now is a good time to fill your freezer with delicious nutritious meals. _**Week 39:**_ Your baby is the size of a watermelon. Congratulations! You are ‘[full term](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/full-term/)’. Your baby’s entrance into the world may still be a week or two away, but your baby’s lungs and vocal cords are now strong enough to take breaths and cry out in the world. Your baby is still building up essential fat for temperature regulation after birth. With your baby’s head putting pressure at the bottom of your bump you feel you are waddling about! This is a common sensation for this stage of pregnancy. Rest as much as possible, keep your fluids up, and try to sleep on your side. If you notice any signs of [preeclampsia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/preeclampsia/) – headache, swollen face and hands, nausea, changes in vision – contact your healthcare team immediately. _**Week 40:**_ Your baby is the size of a… slightly larger watermelon! Your baby is still putting on around half a pound a week in preparation for life outside the womb. Don’t worry if your baby isn’t quite ready to leave its cosy home, about a third of babies are born after the [due date](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/due-date/).. Keep monitoring fetal movement. There isn’t much room for wriggling, but if you are concerned your baby’s movements have decreased contact your healthcare team straightaway. A good tip is to drink a large glass of cold orange juice and lie down – you should feel at least 10 nudges in an hour. You probably feel like you’ve been pregnant forever. Why not go for a long walk or practise your breathing techniques and some birthing positions while you wait for your baby? The wait is nearly over…
 #### What is maternal health and why is it so important? Pregnancy and childbirth are exciting, scary, life-changing events. They can be joyful experiences, and they can be fraught with anxiety, and physical and emotional challenges. Maternal health is about the wellbeing of women and their babies during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period. Women should feel comfortable and confident in the medical care and attention they receive each stage of their pregnancy journey. Lack of awareness about the potential complications associated with pregnancy and childbirth can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to devastating outcomes. Most maternal complications are preventable with prompt support by trained maternal health professionals. The goal for maternal health is always positive outcomes for both mother and baby. #### What are maternal health services? A pregnant woman will usually meet some or all the following skilled healthcare practitioners during and after her pregnancy: * Doctor or General Practitioner (GP): Provides basic pregnancy care. Doctors with added expertise may share pregnancy care with a hospital. * [Obstetrician](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/obstetrician/): A doctor qualified in specialist antenatal and postnatal care for women and their babies. Obstetricians deliver babies and manage high-risk pregnancies and births. * Midwife: Medically trained to care for women during pregnancy, labour and after childbirth. Often a pregnant woman will be cared for by a team of midwives. * Doula: Some women choose a Doula as a companion for support during pregnancy and labour. A Doula is not a medically trained professional. * [Lactation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lactation/) consultant: Helps mother and baby establish breastfeeding and overcome difficulties with latching, low milk supply, and sore nipples. * Maternal and child health nurses: Monitor the child’s development and growth from newborn until around 3.5 years old. #### Antenatal checks, tests, and screenings Routine antenatal checks and tests are an important part of a woman’s pregnancy care. As the pregnancy progresses, blood tests, urine samples and ultrasound scans are accompanied by scheduled check-ups to assess the mother’s health and wellbeing, and the baby’s development. Screening and scans during pregnancy typically include a full blood count, infectious disease screen, urine culture, dating scan, screens for genetic abnormalities, [gestational diabetes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/gestational-diabetes/) screening, and Group B strep screen. It’s a personal choice to have all the antenatal tests. A mother’s healthcare team will recommend that she has all tests and scans as scheduled for a complete picture of her health and her baby’s development. The tests are also designed to pick up any medical problems and identify possible genetic conditions affecting the baby. This will enable the mother and her doctors to make informed decisions about further testing or actions. #### What are maternal health concerns during pregnancy? Major maternal health problems can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to serious illness or death for both mother and baby. Complications can include excessive blood loss during labour, infections, [anaemia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/anaemia/), high blood pressure ([hypertension](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypertension/)), obstructed labour, and heart disease. Maternal mental health is also an important consideration. Pregnancy and childbirth are different for every woman. Access to the right healthcare before, during and after pregnancy will reduce the risk of complications. #### – Before pregnancy Medical history and pre-existing conditions: The healthcare team should be made aware of any medical conditions, medications, or family history that may affect the mother’s health, or the unborn baby’s health during pregnancy. #### – During pregnancy The mother should attend all recommended check-ups and screenings. The maternal health team will monitor and treat pregnancy-related health issues including [anaemia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/anaemia/), urinary tract infections, [hypertension](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypertension/), [gestational diabetes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/gestational-diabetes/), mental health conditions, excess weight gain, infections, [hyperemesis gravidarum](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hyperemesis-gravidarum/) (severe and persistent vomiting). #### – After pregnancy The postpartum period usually refers to the first six weeks after childbirth. While there’s (understandably) lots of focus on the new arrival, postpartum health is just as important: * Physical recovery: Allow time for physical recovery from a vaginal birth or C-section. Mothers should prepare for perineal pain, vaginal bleeding (lochia) and uterine [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/). * Postpartum or postnatal depression: Take care of emotional health. It’s normal to experience the ‘baby blues’ when hormones dip a few days after giving birth. Prolonged low moods and feelings of helplessness should be raised with the healthcare team. * Rest is best: Try to sleep or rest when the baby sleeps. Rest will help with recovery. * Eat regularly: Eat regular, healthy meals. What a mother eats, her baby eats. * Hydrate: Drink water, lots of it. Hydration will aid milk supply. * Feeding routines: Get support establishing feeding routines, whether breast-feeding or bottle-feeding. * Physical exertion: Avoid heavy lifting for the first 4 to 6 weeks after delivery and especially after a C-section. Exercise should be gentle walks with the baby. Try not to do any physically demanding activities (no running up and down the stairs and definitely no gym sessions!). * Vitamins: Continue taking antenatal vitamins #### What are postpartum complications? Postpartum complications to be aware of include mastitis, postnatal depression, excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) after giving birth, infection or sepsis, [hypertension](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypertension/), pulmonary [embolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/embolism/), cardiomyopathy, and cardiovascular disease. Postpartum mothers should be counselled to recognise the signs and symptoms of a problem. Contact a doctor at once at any sign of high fever, flu-like symptoms, a red and swollen breast, a headache that doesn’t improve with medication, chest pain, shortness of breath, seizures, bleeding through one maternity pad in an hour, and a red or swollen leg painful to touch. #### What happens at a postpartum check-up? Postpartum maternal checks are about the mother’s health. At your postpartum check-ups your doctor will check your abdomen, [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/), [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/), and [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) to make sure you are healing well. They will talk to you about when it is safe to have sex again and birth control (remember that even if you don’t have your periods while you breastfeed you can still become pregnant). And your doctor will also talk to you about your emotional health, whether you are getting enough rest, eating well and how you are bonding with your baby. Use these check-ups to raise any concerns you might have with your recovery and emotional wellbeing. #### Getting started with Nabta Health Nabta’s marketplace and resources are designed to support mothers at every stage of their maternal health journey. From at-home tests to prenatal courses; on-demand Doulas to hypnobirthing courses; maternity pads to nursing bras; prenatal yoga to postpartum care packages… Nabta’s team of healthcare and wellness experts has carefully selected products to meet a woman’s maternal health needs.
* One of the most obvious sure signs of being pregnant is a missed period. * Some women experience light bleeding around the time of their expected period. * A pregnancy test will confirm if you are pregnant by measuring the levels of the hormone hCG which are elevated by 2 weeks after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). * A simple urine test or blood test will confirm. * There are many other subtle signs of being pregnant that are less measurable and vary from woman to woman. You may experience all or even none of these. #### Some common early signs of being pregnant 1. Tender breasts 2. Nausea and vomiting 3. Cramps 4. Enhanced sense of smell 5. Unpleasant taste 6. Needing to urinate often 7. [Constipation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/constipation/) 8. Moodiness 9. Headaches 10. Tiredness 11. Spotting Some of these can be experienced in early pregnancy week 1 (after [implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/)). You will be right to think some of these signs are subtle and can be easily missed. Approximately six days after fertilisation the egg implants into the wall of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/), this can cause slight cramping and bleeding, known as spotting. Some women mistake this for normal menstruation. Soreness, tingling, or a feeling of heaviness in the breasts can be another early sign of pregnancy, as can a feeling of fatigue and moodiness. These changes are all due to fluctuating hormones. #### What is the most reliable sign of being pregnant? These signs are also very similar to the symptoms many women experience immediately before menstruation. Whilst many couples can be impatient to know if they are pregnant as soon as possible, it is worth remembering that the most reliable indicator of pregnancy is a missed period and a positive pregnancy test. \[hubspot type=cta portal=25236204 id=ccce01e7-6e0d-4327-9eb0-6838457bdbb0\] #### Is white discharge an early pregnancy symptom? White discharge is secreted by most women throughout their normal menstrual cycle which makes it easy to overlook it as one of the common pregnancy symptoms. Often pregnant women find they have a white sticky discharge early on in the first trimester and and this continues throughout the length of the pregnancy. One of the reasons there is an increase in white discharge is to prevent infections during pregnancy as the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/) and vaginal walls soften. #### How to know if you are really pregnant? A missed period occurs 15 days after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) (don’t forget some women experience light bleeding around the time of their expected period). At this stage, a pregnancy test will give a reliable result. [Pregnancy tests](https://nabtahealth.com/accuracy-of-home-pregnancy-tests/) measure the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood or the urine. hCG is produced once the fertilised egg attaches to the wall of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/). Once [implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/) has occurred, levels of hCG double every two to three days, until they reach detectable levels, approximately two weeks after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). There is a common misconception that the urine pregnancy test in a doctor’s office is more accurate than that found in your pharmacy. This is not true! While most doctors and midwives will repeat the test to confirm your pregnancy, this is often only done because tests have been known to be [misinterpreted at home](/how-do-pregnancy-tests-work). If you have any concerns don’t hesitate to talk to your doctor. It is recommended to see a healthcare professional right away if you experience symptoms like heavy vaginal bleeding, chronic pain, high temperature, severe headache or vision loss. **Become a Nabta Member today and get the health advice you need** \[hubspot portal=”25236204″ id=”aa291091-2628-4919-b480-338384b89053″ type=”form”\] Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#ec958d80808dac828d8e988d84898d809884c28f8381) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources:** * “Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy.” _NHS_, [www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/signs-and-symptoms-pregnancy/](http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/signs-and-symptoms-pregnancy/).
