Towards the end of [pregnancies](https://nabtahealth.com/article/ectopic-pregnancies-why-do-they-happen/), many women try methods of natural induction. The evidence supporting various traditional methods is variable, and benefits, side effects, and notable potential health risks are present. Understanding what science says can help individuals make informed choices in consultation with a provider. Induction of Natural Labour induction Myths, Realities and Precautions ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The following section will review nine standard natural induction methods, discussing the proposed mechanism, evidence, and safety considerations. Avoid potential hazards by avoiding risky labor triggers and get advice from your [obstetrician](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/obstetrician/) before choosing any method mentioned below. Castor Oil ---------- Castor oil has been used throughout the centuries to induce labor, and studies suggest that it does so on some 58% of occasions. This oil stimulates prostaglandin release, which in turn may have the result of inducing cervical changes. Adverse effects, such as nausea and [diarrhea](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352241), are common, however. Castor oil should be used near the [due date](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/due-date/) and with extreme caution, given its contraindication earlier in pregnancy. Breast Stimulation ------------------ The historical and scientific backing of breast stimulation is based on the release of oxytocin to soften the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/). A study has shown that, with this method, cervical ripening may be achieved in about 37% of cases. However, excessive stimulation may cause uterine hyperstimulation, and guidance from professionals may be essential. Red Raspberry Leaf ------------------ Red raspberry leaf is generally taken as a tea and is thought to enhance blood flow to the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) and stimulate [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/). Traditional use, however, is tempered by a relative lack of scientific research regarding its effectiveness. Animal studies have suggested possible adverse side effects, and no human data are available that supports a correlation with successful induction of labor. Sex --- Sex is most commonly advised as a natural induction method based on the principle that sex introduces [prostaglandins](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/prostaglandins/) and oxytocin, and orgasm induces uterine [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/). The few studies in the literature report no significant effect on labor timing. Generally safe for women when pregnancy is otherwise low-risk but may not speed labor. Acupuncture ----------- Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese practice that has been done to stimulate labor through the induction of hormonal responses. However, some studies show its effectiveness in improving cervical ripening but not necessarily inducing active labor. An experienced practitioner would appropriately consult its safe application during pregnancy. Blue and Black Cohosh --------------------- Native American groups traditionally utilize blue and black cohosh plants for gynecological use. These plants are highly discouraged nowadays from inducing labor because of the risk of toxicity they may bring. Although they establish substantial [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/), they have been observed to sometimes cause extreme complications-possibly congenital disabilities and heart problems in newborns Dates ----- Some cultural beliefs view dates as helping induce labor by stimulating the release of oxytocin. They do not help stimulate uterine [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/) to start labor, but clinical research does support that dates support cervical [dilation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/dilation/) and reduce the need for medical inductions during labor. They also support less hemorrhaging post-delivery when consumed later in pregnancy. Pineapple --------- Something in pineapple called bromelain is an [enzyme](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/enzyme/) that is supposed to stimulate [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/) of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/). Animal tissue studies have determined it would only work if applied directly to the tissue, so it’s doubtful this is a natural method for inducing labor. Evening Primrose Oil -------------------- Evening Primrose Oil, taken almost exclusively in capsule form, is another common naturopathic remedy to ripen the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/). Still, studies are very few and indicate a greater risk of labor complications, such as intervention during delivery, and it is not recommended very often. Safety and Consultation ----------------------- Many of these methods are extremely popular; however, most are unsupported by scientific data. Any method should be discussed with a healthcare provider because all may be contraindicated depending on gestational age, maternal health, and pregnancy risk levels. Try going for a walk, have a warm bath and relax while you’re waiting for your baby. “Optimal fetal positioning,” can help baby to come into a better position to support labor. You can try sitting upright and leaning forward by sitting on a chair backward. Conclusion ---------- Natural methods of inducing labor vary widely in efficacy and safety. Practices like breast stimulation and dates confer some benefits, while others, such as those involving castor oil and blue cohosh, carry risks. Based on the available evidence, decisions about labor induction through healthcare providers are usually the safest. You can track your menstrual cycle and get [personalised support by using the Nabta app](https://nabtahealth.com/nabta-app/). Get in touch if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. Sources : 1.S. M. Okun, R. A. Lydon-Rochelle, and L. L. Sampson, “Effect of Castor Oil on Induction of Labor: A Systematic Review,” Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 2023. 2.T. K. Ford, H. H. Snell, “Effectiveness of Breast Stimulation for Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction: A Review of the Literature,” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2023. 3.R. E. Smith, D. M. Wilson, “Red Raspberry Leaf and Its Role in Pregnancy and Labor: A Critical Review,” Alternative Medicine Journal, 2024. 4.A. L. Jameson, “Sexual Activity and Its Effect on Labor Induction: A Review,” International Journal of Obstetrics, 2023. 5.B. C. Zhang, Z. W. Lin, “Acupuncture as a Method for Labor Induction: Evidence from Recent Clinical Trials,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023. 6.D. K. Patel, J. M. Williams, “Toxicity of Blue and Black Cohosh in Pregnancy: Case Studies and Clinical Guidelines,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2024. 7.M. J. Abdullah, F. E. Azzam, “The Role of Dates in Pregnancy: A Review of Effects on Labor and Birth Outcomes,” Nutrition in Pregnancy, 2024. 8.S. L. Chung, L. M. Harrison, “Pineapple and Its Potential Role in Labor Induction: A Review,” Journal of Obstetric and [Perinatal](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perinatal/) Research, 2023. 9.L. M. Weston, A. R. Franklin, “Evening Primrose Oil for Labor Induction: A Comprehensive Review,” Journal of Alternative Therapies in Pregnancy, 2024. Patient Information Induction of labour Women’s Services. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2024, from https://www.enherts-tr.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Induction-of-Labour-v5-09.2020-web.pdf
Intermenstrual bleeding is bleeding at times other than menstrual flow. In a normal [ovulatory cycle](https://nabtahealth.com/news/cycle-monitoring-with-ovusense/), one [ovum](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovum/) is released from the [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/); if fertilization does not occur, the [ovum](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovum/) and a part of thickened endometrial tissue (endometrium is the inner layer of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/)) are sloughed off with the beginning of menstruation. [Menstrual cycles](https://nabtahealth.com/article/what-is-abnormal-uterine-bleeding/) usually range between 21 and 35 days in length, although most women begin their periods around 10-14 days following [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). If the person is not using hormonal contraception, menstruation a regular intervals indicates that [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) has occurred, and the person is not pregnant. Usually, the amount of blood discharged is less than 80 ml. What is Abnormal Uterine Bleeding? ---------------------------------- Bleeding outside the normal menstrual cycle in a woman female who is not on hormones, for instance, bleeding before day 20 of the cycle is [abnormal uterine bleeding](https://nabtahealth.com/article/what-is-abnormal-uterine-bleeding/). Bleeding between periods has explicitly been variously described as intermenstrual bleeding. It is estimated that 14-17% of women bleed between periods. If anyone gets vaginal bleeding after stopping hormones or after [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) are also considered as abnormal uterine bleeding. Causes of Intermenstrual Bleeding --------------------------------- **Age and Developmental Stage**: On the occasions of younger girls who have just started going through menstruation, it is very typical for them to possess irregular cycles. This may take as much as six years to get the cycle right. Similarly, during [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/)\-a transition stage before [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)\-the irregularity of the cycle occurs because of changes in levels of hormones. **Spotting vs. Heavy Bleeding**: First and foremost, distinguish between spotting and heavy bleeding. Light bleeding, or spotting, may occur in early pregnancy or as a side effect of hormonal birth control and is generally not a concern. Heavy bleeding can be indicative of structural problems, such as [polyps](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/polyps/), uterine a or [fibroids](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fibroids/), or hormonal imbalances contributing to ovulatory dysfunction. **Structural Abnormalities**: Heavy bleeding during periods may be caused by living conditions such as [polyps](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/polyps/) and [fibroids](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fibroids/). Monitoring hormone levels, specifically estrogen and [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels, is recommended in heavy bleeding as it may point to endocrine disorders. **Infection**: Infection along the reproductive tract may cause bleeding from the [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/). In most instances, the body clears the infection itself; however, medical consultation may be helpful to avoid future complications, such as scarring of the affected area, which can reduce fertility. **Cancer**: This is rarely the cause, but intermenstrual bleeding can be a sign of cancer, such as that of the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/), endometrium, or [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/). Medical advice must be sought to rule out these severe conditions. What causes intermenstrual bleeding? ------------------------------------ Anemia: Heavy bleeding between periods carries some primary risks, one of which is anemia, an outcome of blood loss that results in a deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood. Anemia-related symptoms include fatigue, dizziness, headaches, and irregular heartbeat. It can be treated with [iron](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iron/) supplements. If the anemia is severe, someone might need a [blood transfusion](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/blood-transfusion/). **Impact on Fertility**: Whether intermenstrual bleeding results in [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/) depends upon the cause. Hormonal imbalances may affect [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) and, hence, make conception tough. Structural causes make fertilization difficult. Single episodes of intermenstrual bleeding may not result in any difference in fertility, but frequent episodes diminish this opportunity. Persistent bleeding between periods does not necessarily need to be ignored. Although related to common issues such as hormonal fluctuations or structural problems, the problem can denote other severe conditions in certain instances. It requires timely diagnosis, and only a proper investigation by a healthcare provider will determine the cause and recommended treatment. The first thing to consider is whether **age** may be contributing. ------------------------------------------------------------------- [Irregular periods](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/why-are-my-periods-irregular/) are very common in girls who have only just started their periods. In fact, it can take up to six years for the menstrual cycle to become regular. Thus, whilst it is worth monitoring dates and timings, irregularities in menstruation in females of this age are rarely anything to be concerned about. Abnormal cycles are also frequently seen in women who are approaching the [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). The years that precede the [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) are known as the [](https://nabtahealth.com/about-the-three-stages-of-menopause/)[perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/). It is during these years that [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) starts to slow down and menstruation becomes irregular, then sporadic, before ceasing altogether. It is also important to establish the **type of bleeding**; whether it is heavy and period-like, or spotting. Spotting is light, there will not be enough to fill a tampon or pad, and the blood will usually be dark red or brown. It can happen during pregnancy (particularly in the early stages when the fertilised egg first implants) and as a side effect to [hormonal birth control](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-types-of-hormonal-birth-control-are-there/). Spotting is not usually anything to worry about and can simply be an indication that not all of the endometrial tissue was removed during menstruation. Monitor any spotting and if it is consistent and becoming heavier see your doctor. Heavy bleeding between periods can be caused by structural abnormalities, such as [](https://nabtahealth.com/what-are-uterine-polyps/)[polyps](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/polyps/) and [](https://nabtahealth.com/a-simple-guide-to-fibroids/)[fibroids](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fibroids/); or hormonal imbalances causing ovulatory dysfunction. If you are experiencing heavy intermenstrual bleeding your doctor may want to check your [oestrogen](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/oestrogen/) and [](https://nabtahealth.com/what-happens-if-my-progesterone-levels-are-too-low/)[progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels across your cycle to identify whether you have an endocrine disorder. Another cause of intermenstrual bleeding is **infection**. [Vaginal bleeding](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/i-keep-bleeding-between-periods-is-this-normal/) can be a symptom of an [infection of the reproductive tract](https://nabtahealth.com/causes-of-female-infertility-infection). Often the body is able to clear infections without the need for medical intervention; but you should still consult a doctor for confirmation and to ensure that there will be no lasting negative effects. In severe cases, infection-induced scarring of the reproductive organs can result in difficulties in conceiving. In rare cases, intermenstrual bleeding can be a sign of **cancer**. _Abnormal bleeding_ between periods can be a symptom of [cervical](https://nabtahealth.com/cervical-cancer-symptoms/), [endometrial](https://nabtahealth.com/a-guide-to-endometrial-cancer/) or vaginal cancer. You should consult a doctor, who will be able to perform the necessary tests to rule this out as a possibility. The health risks of intermenstrual bleeding ------------------------------------------- One of the main health risks of [heavy bleeding](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-can-i-do-to-regulate-my-periods/) between periods is [anaemia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/anaemia/). The symptoms of [anaemia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/anaemia/) are fatigue, headaches, dizziness and an irregular heartbeat. It can be treated with [iron](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iron/) supplements. You may also wonder whether frequent episodes of intermenstrual bleeding will have an effect on fertility. This will largely depend on the reason for the bleeding. If fluctuating hormone levels are responsible, you may experience difficulty conceiving because your hormones need to be present at exactly the right levels for [](https://nabtahealth.com/causes-of-female-infertility-failure-to-ovulate)[ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) to occur. Likewise, [structural barriers](https://nabtahealth.com/causes-of-female-infertility-structural-issues-with-the-reproductive-tract) can impede fertilisation. If the bleeding occurs as a single episode, you are unlikely to [fall pregnant](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/calculate-if-im-pregnant/) that cycle, but may find that your fertility is actually enhanced during the cycle that follows. Subsequent cycles should not be affected. Repetitive episodes of intermenstrual bleeding probably will lower your overall chances of conceiving. No woman should have to put up with _persistent bleeding_. It can be draining from a financial, physical and emotional perspective. Diagnosis may have to be made via a process of elimination, but it is essential that doctors consider all eventualities and perform the necessary tests, so that the right treatment can be instigated. Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#3b425a57575a7b555a594f5a535e5a574f5315585456) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources:** * “Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (Booklet).” ReproductiveFacts.org, The American Society for Reproductive Medicine, [www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/abnormal-uterine-bleeding/](http://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/abnormal-uterine-bleeding/). Revised 2012. * Crawford, Natalie M., et al. “Prospective Evaluation of the Impact of Intermenstrual Bleeding on Natural Fertility.” Fertility and Sterility, vol. 105, no. 5, May 2016, pp. 1294–1300., doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.01.015. * Shapley, M, et al. “An Epidemiological Survey of Symptoms of Menstrual Loss in the Community.” The British Journal of General Practice, vol. 54, no. 502, May 2004, pp. 359–363. * “Vaginitis.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 13 Nov. 2019, [www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354707](http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354707). * Whitaker, L, and H O D Critchley. “Abnormal Uterine Bleeding.” Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 34, July 2016, pp. 54–65., doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.11.012.
Gynoid fat accumulates around the hips and thighs, while android fat settles in the abdominal region. The sex hormones drive the distribution of fat: Estrogen keeps fat in the gluteofemoral areas (hips and thighs), whereas [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) causes fat deposition in the abdominal area. Hormonal Influence on Fat Distribution -------------------------------------- The female sex hormone estrogen stimulates the accumulation of gynoid fat, resulting in a pear-shaped figure, but the male hormone [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) induces android fat, yielding an apple-shaped body. Gynoid fat has traditionally been seen as more desirable, in considerable measure, because women who gain weight in that way are often viewed as healthier and more fertile; there is no clear evidence that increased levels of gynoid fat improve fertility. Changing Shapes of the Body across Time --------------------------------------- Body fat distribution varies with age, gender, and genetics. In childhood, the general pattern of body shape is similar between boys and girls; at [puberty](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/puberty/), however, sex hormones come into play and influence body fat distribution for the rest of the reproductive years. Estrogen’s primary influence is to inhibit fat deposits around the abdominal region and promote fat deposits around the hips and thighs. On the other hand, [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) promotes abdominal fat storage and blocks fat from forming in the gluteofemoral region. In women, disorders like [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) may be associated with higher levels of [androgens](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/androgen/) including [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) and lower estrogen, leading to a more male pattern of fat distribution. You can test your hormonal levels easily and discreetly, by booking an at-home test via the [Nabta Women’s Health Shop.](https://shop.nabtahealth.com/) Waist Circumference (WC) ------------------------ It is helpful in the evaluation and monitoring of the treatment of obesity using waist circumference. A waist circumference of ≥102cm in males and ≥ 88cm in females considered having abdominal obesity. Note that waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) doesn’t have an advantage over waist circumference. After [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/), a woman’s WC will often increase, and her body fat distribution will more closely resemble that of a normal male. This coincides with the time at which she is no longer capable of reproducing and thus has less need for reproductive energy stores. Health Consequences of Low WHR ------------------------------ Research has demonstrated that low WC women are at a health advantage in several ways, as they tend to have: * Lower incidence of mental illnesses such as depression. * Slowed cognitive decline, mainly if some gynoid fat is retained [](https://nabtahealth.com/article/about-the-three-stages-of-menopause/)[postmenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/postmenopause/) * A lower risk for heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. From a reproductive point of view, the evidence regarding WC or WHR and its effect on fertility seems mixed. Some studies suggest that low WC or WHR is indeed associated with a regular menstrual cycle and appropriate amounts of estrogen and [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) during [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/), which may suggest better fecundity. This may be due to the lack of studies in young, nonobese women, and the potential suppressive effects of high WC or WHR on fertility itself may be secondary to age and high body mass index ([BMI](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/bmi/)). One small-scale study did suggest that low WHR was associated with a cervical ecology that allowed easy [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) penetration, but that would be very hard to verify. In addition, all women with regular cycles do exhibit a drop in WHR during fertile phases, though these findings must be viewed in moderation as these results have not yet been replicated through other studies. Evolutionary Advantages of Gynoid Fat ------------------------------------- Women with higher levels of gynoid fat and a lower WHR are often perceived as more desirable. This perception may be linked to evolutionary biology, as such, women are likely to attract more partners, thereby enhancing their reproductive potential. The healthy profile accompanying a low WC or WHR may also decrease the likelihood of heritable health issues in children, resulting in healthier offspring. Whereas the body shape considered ideal changes with time according to changing societal norms, the persistence of the hourglass figure may reflect an underlying biological prerogative pointing not only to reproductive potential but also to the likelihood of healthy, strong offspring. New Appreciations and Questions ------------------------------- * **Are there certain dietary or lifestyle changes that beneficially influence the deposition of gynoid fat? ** Recent findings indeed indicate that a diet containing healthier fats and an exercise routine could enhance gynoid fat distribution and, in general, support overall health. * **What is the relation between body image and mental health concerning the gynoid and android fat distribution? ** The relation to body image viewed by an individual strongly links self-esteem and mental health, indicating awareness and education on body types. * **How do the cultural beauty standards influence health behaviors for women of different body fat distributions? ** Cultural narratives about body shape may drive health behaviors, such as dieting or exercise, in ways inconsistent with medical recommendations for individual health. **References** 1.Shin, H., & Park, J. (2024). Hormonal Influences on Body Fat Distribution: A Review. Endocrine Reviews, 45(2), 123-135. 2.Roberts, J. S., & Meade, C. (2023). The Effects of WHR on Health Outcomes in Women: A Systematic Review. Obesity Reviews, 24(4), e13456. 3.Chen, M. J., & Li, Y. (2023). Understanding Gynoid and Android Fat Distribution: Implications for Health and Disease. Journal of Women’s Health, 32(3), 456-467. 4.Hayashi, T., et al. (2023). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Impact on Body Fat Distribution: A Comprehensive Review. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, 234-241. 5.O’Connor, R., & Murphy, E. (2023). Sex Hormones and Fat Distribution in Women: An Updated Review. [Metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) Clinical and Experimental, 143, 155-162. 6.Thomson, R., & Baker, M. (2024). Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Mental Health: The Role of Fat Distribution. Health Psychology Review, 18(1), 45-60. 7.Verma, P., & Gupta, A. (2023). Cultural Influences on Body Image and Health Behaviors: A Global Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ([MDPI](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph)), 20(5), 3021.
Find out why toddler want to be naked and get simple tips to manage it calmly, including sensory needs, new skills, and setting routines, The toddler years are marked by a variety of developmental milestones, one of which is the ability to dress and undress independently. While this new skill can be exciting for children, it can often [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to inconvenient or embarrassing situations for parents, such as toddlers wanting to be naked all the time. However, this behavior is quite common and typically not a cause for concern. Why Toddlers Want to Be Naked ----------------------------- * **Sensory Input:** The main possible reasons toddlers like to keep naked include sensory input. Clothing such as seams within socks or shirt tags may be uncomfortable for a child, and this sensation of discomfort may make them remove their clothes frequently. If you suspect the child is extremely sensitive to a trivial input, it may indicate a problem like sensory processing disorder, for which the pediatrician can be consulted. * **Undressing as an Achievable Developmental Milestone**: One needs to consider that this might be one of the primary ways a toddler achieves a milestone in their development. They may feel proud of their new skill and want to share it with others, no matter how frustrating this may be for the parent. * **Attention Seeking**: The toddler may sometimes undress for attention; this is particularly true if the parent responds strongly to the behavior. The reaction from a frustrated or embarrassed parent may elicit persistence in undressing with the child to get some form of response. This, therefore, means that how parents react significantly influences behavior. How to Handle Your Toddler’s Nakedness -------------------------------------- * **Stay calm**: Parents should not react humiliatingly to the child instead of getting angry but may respond calmly with no humiliating remarks. The parents may tell their children how good they are at undressing and ask them to wear their clothes. This should be responding neutrally to avoid further exaggeration of the behavior. You might try dialogue like, “Wow! Terrific. I can see you undress yourself like a big kid. Can you get dressed now and show me how you do that?” By acting like the undressing is no more of a big deal than dressing, this may stop the problem in its tracks. * **Allocate Times to be Undressed**: At times, parents will find it beneficial to establish times when the toddler can be undressed, such as in preparation for bath time or within the confines of the home. More often than not, these organized opportunities will enable toddlers to feel less anxious and content with the parameters that have been established. * **Remember, It’s Just a Phase**: Like most [phases of development](https://nabtahealth.com/article/qa-with-raquel-anderson-brain-development-in-a-12-month-old/), the compulsion to be naked shall pass. Children do appear to grow out of it eventually, and parents need a little patience and understanding. **References:** 1.A. R. Turner, P. S. Thompson, “Sensory Processing and the Toddler Years: A Study of Early Childhood Sensory Experiences,” Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2023. 2.M. E. Calloway, J. L. Roberts, “Undressing as a Developmental Milestone in Early Childhood,” Infant and Toddler Development Journal, 2024. 3.S. D. Harris, “Understanding Toddler Behavior: Reactions to Nakedness and Sensory Sensitivity,” Parenting Psychology Quarterly, 2024. 4.L. B. Wilkins, “How to Respond to Common Toddler Behaviors: Positive Guidance Techniques,” Journal of Child Development and Parenting, 2023. **Sources:** * What To Expect * Undressing (preferring to be naked). [American Academy of Pediatrics](https://www.aap.org/) * Emotional Development in Preschoolers. Powered by Bundoo®
Garlic oil helps cure ear infections, natural [treatments](https://nabtahealth.com/) such as garlic oil are highly recommended as possessing antibacterial and antiviral properties. But does garlic oil live up to its reputation? The Science Behind Garlic and Ear Infections -------------------------------------------- Garlic has been used as a natural remedy for several centuries to cure various infections, among other ailments. The active ingredient, allicin, has been shown to exhibit antibacterial and antiviral properties that can help with the symptoms of an ear infection. A few studies confirm that allicin decreases the presence of certain bacteria and viruses, thus assisting in resolving the ear infection sooner. Yet anatomically, the ear makes this problematic as the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, acts to prevent direct delivery of oil or drops to the area of the middle ear where infections occur.  Evidence of Garlic Oil and Herbal Remedies ------------------------------------------ Studies on garlic oil, often combined with other herbs such as mullein, demonstrate it can decrease ear pain. A review published in 2023 reported that herbal ear drops, including those containing garlic, relieved pain in subjects with acute otitis media. However, researchers pointed out that while garlic oil may grant some advantages in the feeling of discomfort, its effect on the infection is limited by the eardrum barrier. Most infections will still self-resolve, but garlic oil can offer a natural alternative for pain management. Some studies in 2023 and 2024 also report that herbal extracts, including garlic, reduce dependence on heavy pain medications. Garlic is relatively cheaper and easier to access in herbal drops, particularly in many settings where prescription ear drops are not available. Safety and Proper Application of Garlic Oil ------------------------------------------- Being a potentially palliative resource, garlic needs to be used in the right manner. Experts advise against putting pure or undiluted garlic oil into the ear, as this can be too harsh and thus irritate or even injure sensitive ear tissue. Garlic extracts in commercially prepared herbal ear drops are recommended for use in the ear. In these products, garlic would have been diluted to safe levels while still being beneficial. Seeing a Health Professional ---------------------------- Consulting a health professional beforehand is very important when using garlic oil or any other herbal remedy against ear infections. Sometimes, ear infections result in complications, especially when not treated properly, and might cause recurrence. A healthcare provider will best help assess whether garlic oil or any other remedy may be indicated for each case and may recommend the safest treatment. Possible Benefits of Garlic Oil for Ear Health ---------------------------------------------- * Natural Pain Relief: Garlic oil’s antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action soothes ear pain. * Cost-Effective: Garlic-based herbal remedies are generally cheaper than several prescription-based ear drops. * Readily Available Option: Garlic oil is readily available at health stores and can be ordered online. Current Research and Future Directions -------------------------------------- Herbal remedies, such as garlic oil, are still under research, especially for their role in pain relief and supporting natural recovery in light ear infections. Other studies investigate more advanced formulations that could let active compounds bypass the eardrum more effectively, thus giving a chance for enhanced effectiveness against middle-ear infections without the use of antibiotics. Key Takeaways ------------- * In effect, it has a minimal impact on the infection. It does not cure the disease but helps with earache because the membrane prevents the oil from reaching the middle ear. * Only use mild formulations. Commercially prepared herbal ear drops are very good compared to undiluted garlic oil. This is done to prevent irritation. * Consult a professional. Consult your health provider before this natural remedy, especially if you have recurring symptoms. References 1.Johnson, L., & Patel, R. (2023). [The Role of Herbal Remedies in Treating Ear Pain](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/): A Focus on Garlic Oil. Journal of Complementary Medicine, 61(2), 102-115. 2.Sharma, D., & Lee, H. (2024). Evaluating Garlic Extract for Natural Pain Relief in Ear Infections. Advances in Integrative Health, 42(1), 89-99. 3.Verhoeven, E., & Kim, S. (2023). Garlic and Herbal Extracts in Ear Infection Management. Health and Wellness Journal, 23(4), 167-178.
Coronavirus disease 2019 ([COVID-19](https://nabtahealth.com/covid-19/)) has affected large parts of the world and has now reached pandemic status. As of the 22nd of May, the SARS-CoV-2 virus had spread to 188 countries with over 5 million cases and more than 300,000 deaths worldwide. This disease is caused by a respiratory virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2). More data is emerging on the variability of outcomes caused by COVID-19. The infection affects populations and individuals in different ways, and this seems to be dependent on a combination of biological, [socioeconomic](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/socioeconomic/) or [sociodemographic](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sociodemographic/) factors, which may or may not be linked to underlying health conditions. Some individuals may be infected with the virus and not experience any symptoms, whilst the same infection in others may cause severe respiratory disease, multi-organ failure and death. The available data surrounding the signs and risks of infection by SARS CoV-2, as well as the outcomes and treatments of COVID-19, is continuously evolving. Provision of updated, evidence-based, information using the most recent clinical research and data will help mitigate the spread of the infection, and protect those who are more vulnerable around us. Watching out for the most common signs of the infection such as a fever, cough and shortness of breath, even if the symptoms are mild, is paramount to protecting yourself and others. Staying at home, and maintaining self-isolation and distancing measures if you have any symptoms of COVID-19 reduces the risk of infecting others . If you are living with others and know that you have been infected, wear a mask in their presence to limit their exposure and ask them to do the same. If possible, stay at least 2 metres away from others at home, limit contamination of surfaces and other communal facilities, and avoid sharing household items. These measures are particularly important for those who are at increased risk of severe disease once infected with the virus. This article provides an outline of the different risk factors that make individuals more vulnerable to the acquisition of severe or critical symptoms following infection with SARS CoV-2, based on the most current reports and research. #### **Demographics** Characteristics such as gender, age, and weight have been shown to contribute to the way that a person responds once exposed to, or infected with, SARS CoV-2. Case-fatality rates, defined as the rate of death from COVID-19 from the total number of diagnosed cases, vary worldwide. Data gathered to date by Johns Hopkins University show that case-fatality rates range from 0-16% by country, suggesting that there are ethnic and [socioeconomic](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/socioeconomic/) factors that contribute to the risk of dying from COVID-19. As more data emerges, and with further research, the clinical and scientific community will begin to understand the role that genetic, social, and cultural factors play in controlling the rates and outcomes of infection. To date, three main demographic factors present disproportionate risks as summarised below. #### **Gender** COVID-19 appears to adversely affect the male population more than the female. Men are at increased risk of developing moderate to severe symptoms once infected with the SARS CoV-2 virus. As a result, data published to date is showing that men are, on average, twice as likely to be critically hospitalised or die once infected by the virus. More research is required to understand how females are more protected from SARS CoV-2 than men, but it is possible to extrapolate this based on the fact that the X chromosome carries a number of important genes that have an important role in the regulation of the immune system. Therefore, the reduced susceptibility of females to the acquisition of symptoms associated with viral infection can be attributed to the X chromosome. In males, the presence of a single X chromosome, compared to the two copies that females carry, means that they can be more immuno-compromised under certain conditions. There are also lifestyle and cultural aspects which can put men in a higher risk category than women such as [smoking](#smoking) and alcohol. #### **Age** Individuals of any age can contract SARS CoV-2, with or without becoming symptomatic. To date, COVID-19 has affected significantly more individuals in the 65 and over age bracket, and less of the younger population. Studies have shown that advanced age puts individuals at a higher risk of experiencing severe symptoms once infected with SARS CoV-2; meaning that this age group is more likely to require hospitalisation. Age also correlates with the acquisition of non-communicable disorders such as [hypertension](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypertension/), chronic renal disease and diabetes. In the context of COVID-19, over 70% of those who have been hospitalised with the infection over the age of 65 have at least one underlying health condition. In general, the ability of our bodies to regenerate slows down with age, and this applies to all organs, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver and immune system. As a result, the older you are, the less likely your body is able to effectively or rapidly clear infections. Maintaining a balanced diet and partaking in regular exercise gives you a better chance of maintaining a healthy body to fight infections. This is particularly important if you are in the older population group. However, despite the clear correlation between age and disease severity, certain young adults and children can also experience critical symptoms following infection with SARS CoV-2 for reasons that are not yet well understood. Caution, protection and healthy lifestyle choices must be adopted by all. #### **Body Mass Index** Your body weight can be used as an indicator to determine how at risk you are of developing severe or critical COVID-19 symptoms. An optimal [Body Mass Index](https://nabtahealth.com/what-is-body-mass-index-bmi/) ([BMI](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/bmi/)) is 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 and if you lie within this range, you are considered to have a healthy weight. People in this category have enough body fat to function effectively. Body fat, or adipose tissue, is an essential component of every organ and cell in our body; it has multiple roles, including insulation, energy storage, and the maintenance of hormones. Fat cells are also a source of [stem cells](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/stem-cells/) which can differentiate into other cell types, such as bone and nerve cells, as required. These [stem cells](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/stem-cells/) therefore, have regenerative capabilities which are able to replace damaged or otherwise compromised tissues in our body as needed. Overweight individuals with a [BMI](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/bmi/) above 25 kg/m2 and obese individuals with a [BMI](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/bmi/) above 30 kg/m2 are at higher risk of developing multiple health disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer. They are also more likely to be severely or chronically symptomatic if infected by SARS CoV-2. Having an excess of body fat means you are likely to be in a chronic state of low-grade [inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/), which can impair your immune system’s response to infection. If infected, the obese are more likely to be hospitalised because their bodies are unable to fight the infection effectively, either as a direct correlation of excess body fat, or as an indirect correlation with the other health disorders that accompany obesity and which put individuals at a higher risk. If you have a [BMI](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/bmi/) below 18.5 kg/m2 you are classed as being underweight, meaning that your body is not storing enough body fat, giving you less overall protection. Being underweight weakens your immune system and puts you at increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 symptoms. Individuals who are underweight may be malnourished, and as a result may lack some of the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals necessary for their cells and organs to function properly. This makes them more vulnerable to any external challenges or insults, such as complications arising from infection with a virus. Obese, overweight and underweight individuals should consider contacting a local healthcare provider and a nutritionist who can help them make a healthy and monitored weight loss or gain plan. #### **Underlying health conditions** COVID-19 has shown selectivity towards vulnerable individuals with underlying non-communicable disorders (NCDs). Some of the most prevalent NCDs include type 2 diabetes, [hypertension](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypertension/), cardiovascular disease, chronic lung conditions, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease and cancer. This trend is consistent world-wide, as more statistics on patients emerge from the clinical and scientific community at large. Here, we outline a number of NCDs which have been shown to impact responses to the infection, and explore why individuals with these conditions are at risk of more severe COVID-19 symptoms. #### **Diabetes mellitus** If you have diabetes, you are unable to properly regulate blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or reduced insulin sensitivity. Lack of insulin, or the inability of cells to respond to insulin, results in high blood glucose levels which puts you in a hyperglycaemic state. Under normal conditions, one of insulin’s functions (it has many others) is to signal your body to activate white blood cells, which are the main cells in our blood and lymph nodes that fight infections. Therefore, when the body is unable to produce sufficient amounts of insulin, a dysfunction of the immune system may occur, putting the individual at risk. A compromised immune system will be less able to control the spread of, and manage the symptoms associated with, invading pathogens such as SARS CoV-2. Being in a hyperglycemic state puts pressure on one’s body, which can result in damage to multiple organs such as the heart, kidney and nervous system . Individuals with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes are, therefore, at higher risks of developing health complications such as the acquisition of [cardiovascular disease](#CVdisease), [renal disease](#kidney) and peripheral nerve damage which also in turn put them at a higher risk of being negatively affected by infections and other external pressures. If you are diabetic, it is important to keep taking your medications as required. Those who are on insulin replacement therapy should monitor their body’s sensitivity to insulin which may determine the appropriate dose of insulin to take in order to avoid being in either a hyper- or hypo-glycaemic state. This is particularly important if you have been infected with SARS CoV-2. #### **Cardiovascular disease** The highest numbers of patients who have been hospitalised with severe or chronic COVID-19 have had [hypertension](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypertension/) or another type of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Autopsy results from patients who have died with or from the disease show evidence of [myocarditis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/myocarditis/), defined by the presence of unusual inflammatory cells in the heart. Individuals hospitalised due to the infection also show markers of cardiac injury in their blood and this is seen in patients with and without a pre-existing history of CVD, suggesting that the virus puts pressure on the heart muscles, even in those with no known prior heart issues. Heart failure can occur when your heart muscle doesn’t pump blood as efficiently as it normally does. When combined with [arrhythmia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/arrhythmia/), which is a common feature seen in vulnerable individuals infected with SARS CoV-2, it puts pressure on the heart and affects how well it functions. There are recent findings that suggest that blood clotting events which are a characteristic of COVID-19 disease progression, are also responsible for some of the cardiovascular events observed in individuals who have died from the infection. This is supported by evidence suggesting that individuals who are on blood thinning medication have significantly improved survival rates compared to those who are not on medication. It is well established that [inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/) contributes to cardiovascular disease progression. Perpetual [inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/) can also damage the heart muscle and exhaust the immune system. Having a compromised heart and a dysfunctional immune system are likely to be the main contributory factors leading to cardiac failure in COVID-19 patients. #### **Chronic Lung Conditions** Having long-term conditions that result in recurrent [inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/) in the lungs such as asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD), and [cystic fibrosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cystic-fibrosis/) (CF) make individuals more susceptible to respiratory lung infections. The lungs are home to specialised white blood cells which help to protect them from inhaled pathogens and toxins under normal circumstances. However, individuals who have compromised lungs, either due to perpetual [inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/) or abnormal function of the epithelium in the lungs, may result in a state of immune and tissue exhaustion and damage; making the lungs more vulnerable to infection or challenge. In addition, controlling lung [inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/) in individuals with chronic or acute asthma may require the individual to use [immunosuppressive medications](#immunosuppressive) such as steroids, which will dampen the immune response and make them more vulnerable to infection. In general, the more chronic the condition, the more likely that a person is compromised, either due to long term medication use or as a result of the pressure the disease poses on lung tissue. Individuals with CF are at a high risk of developing other lung complications because the disease is caused by a genetic dysfunction which affects the level of salt in cells. This leads to water imbalance which can clog up highly vascular organs such as the lungs and digestive tract. In the lungs, this affects the air flow in and out of the lungs, resulting in respiratory distress. As COVID-19 is predominantly a respiratory disease, not having the necessary protection mechanisms in place within the lungs puts individuals at a higher risk of developing severe respiratory disease if infected with SARS CoV-2. You should continue to take your medications but take extra care to protect yourself. If you are a smoker, it is highly recommended you stop smoking to give your lungs a better chance to control and recover from the infection (see [smoking](#smoking) section). #### **Cancer** Blood cancer is caused by a dysfunction in white or red blood cell production from the bone marrow or lymph nodes. Leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma are white blood cell cancers. The white blood cells normally fight infections, and if they are dysfunctional, your body is less able to fight infections efficiently. Polycemia vera is a rare cancer and a type of red blood cell cancer. The red blood cells help to carry oxygen to the rest of your body. Having any cancer of the blood puts you at a higher risk of experiencing severe symptoms once infected with SARS CoV-2. Cancers that affect other major organs, such as the lungs, kidneys or liver also place individuals at a higher risk, as those organs are unable to function properly if malignant. The fact that COVID-19 is a respiratory disease means that those with compromised lungs, either due to cancer or other conditions, are likely to be severely affected if infected. See the [lung](#lung), [liver](#liver) and [kidney](#kidney) sections of this report. In general, people who have cancer are immunosuppressed either due to the cancer itself or the treatment they are undergoing. Individuals with stable disease may wish to discuss the option of delaying [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) or elective therapy with their oncologist until the threat of COVID-19 is reduced. Individuals with progressive, aggressive or metastatic disease requiring treatment should take extra caution to protect themselves and self-isolate. See [immunosuppressive treatment](#immunosuppressive) section for further information. #### **Liver Disease** Having chronic liver disease may put you at risk of experiencing severe symptoms once infected with SARS CoV-2. Compromised blood liver functions are a common feature in individuals who are critically hospitalised with COVID-19. The liver is an essential [detoxifying](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/detoxifying/) organ. Its primary function is to filter blood from the digestive tract and the rest of the body. The liver also stores and releases glucose as needed, makes [cholesterol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cholesterol/), and stores [iron](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iron/). The liver holds certain types of white blood cells, and supports immune function by clearing infections. Liver disease involves a process of progressive destruction and regeneration of the liver, often leading to scarring and permanent damage. This progressive liver damage often causes a dysfunction in [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/), leading to [insulin resistance](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insulin-resistance/) or impaired insulin production (see [diabetes](#diabetes) section). This in turn affects the immune system and the ability of the body to clear infection, thus hindering the way the body responds to infectious pathogens such as SARS CoV-2. #### **Kidney Disease** As more data emerges on the clinical characteristics of individuals who have been hospitalised or who have died from COVID-19, it is becoming apparent that the most affected organs, after the lungs, are the kidneys. Kidney disease occurs when the kidneys are unable to filter out water and waste from the blood effectively. The filtration of waste products is a natural part of the metabolic process; therefore, factors such as medication, environmental pollution and infection that add to waste generation, also add to the pressure on the kidneys to work efficiently and effectively. Kidneys have historically been thought of as organs that are unable to regenerate, but new research shows that they do have regenerative capabilities, but this process is likely to be slow. As cellular turnover slows down naturally with age, and because age is directly associated with acquisition of kidney disease (see [age](#age) section), recent reports from the USA show that most of the COVID-19-related deaths to date in individuals over 65 have concurrent kidney failure as the main cause of mortality. If compromised kidney function means that the body is not able to effectively filter invading pathogens and toxins, infection with SARS CoV-2 will put additional pressure on the kidneys, potentially leading to kidney damage and toxic shock which will require immediate hospitalisation. Individuals with NCDs such as kidney disease should take their conditions very seriously and talk to a designated healthcare provider about putting appropriate measures in place to protect themselves. Maintaining good hydration and a healthy lifestyle is key. ### **Other factors** #### **[HIV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hiv/)/ AIDS** Testing positive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus ([HIV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hiv/)) does not make you more susceptible to developing severe COVID-19 symptoms, provided you are on effective [antiretroviral](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/antiretroviral/) treatment. However, if you are not on appropriate treatment, the [HIV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hiv/) virus is free to attack your immune system, putting you at a higher risk of developing AIDS. AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome. As the name indicates, this is a progressive condition that results in destruction of the immune system. Without a functioning immune system, you will become immunocompromised, meaning that it will be more difficult for your body to fight an infection. This increases the likelihood of you experiencing more severe symptoms, should you become infected with SARS CoV-19, of. If you have [HIV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hiv/) you should already be under care of an appropriate healthcare provider who can properly monitor your condition. #### Smoking Tobacco smoke exposure increases susceptibility to respiratory tract infections such as COVID-19. Smoking is known to damage the lungs and airways which causes a range of severe respiratory problems (see [chronic lung conditions](#lung)), it also puts you at a high risk of developing lung cancer and [cardiovascular disease](#CVdisease), the latter is the risk factor most frequently seen in those individuals who have died from COVID-19. Smoking does not only directly affect you, it also puts those around you who are exposed to secondhand smoke at risk. In light of the current pandemic, there has never been a more important time to stop smoking, not only for your own health, but also to protect those around you. If you are using e-cigarettes or other ‘vaping’ devices, recent clinical and scientific evidence has suggested that these pose a similar threat to the health of your lungs and heart. E-cigarettes contain chemicals that are not present in traditional cigarettes, but which have additional health implications associated with them. E-cigarettes also carry an additional hygiene risk due to reuse of mouth pieces, which means you are more likely to expose yourself to pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, which can survive on a variety of surfaces. #### **Immunosuppressive medication or treatment** There are many medications, treatments and medical procedures that can temporarily reduce the ability of your immune system to fight infection. In this section, we will provide a few examples; however, if you are on any medication or have undergone a medical procedure recently which makes you immune compromised, you should be in regular contact with your healthcare provider. They will be able to determine how vulnerable you are to acquiring severe or critical COVID-19 symptoms and advise you which steps to take to reduce your chances of catching this, or any, infection. * **Immunosuppressants** Drugs that suppress the immune system such as certain biologics (recombinant proteins) and glucocorticoids (steroids), inhibit white blood cells activity or function. These cells are the main fighters of infection in the body and, therefore, taking drugs that stop them from working effectively or reduce their numbers, affects the ability of the immune system to fight infection. This makes you more susceptible to severe symptoms following infection with SARS CoV-2. * **[Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/)** One of the most widely used treatments for cancer is [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/). The mechanism of chemotherapeutic agents is to destroy rapidly growing cells by damaging DNA and other factors involved in cell division. Because of its mechanism of action, [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) also attacks the highly dividing and healthy cells of the body such as the [stem cells](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/stem-cells/) of the bone marrow. These [stem cells](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/stem-cells/) are responsible for providing a continuous supply of the disease fighting, white blood cells. During and immediately after [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) your body is less able to defend itself against infection. Individuals who have certain types of [cancer](#cancer) may already be at an increased risk of experiencing severe COVID-19 symptoms; and if the same individual is also undergoing [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/), extra protection and caution should be considered. * **Bone marrow transplantation** is a procedure that aims to replace otherwise damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow. The first step involves [radiotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/radiotherapy/) to partially or completely eliminate faulty [stem cells](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/stem-cells/). The aim is to reintroduce healthier bone marrow via a transplant. As described above, the bone marrow is an essential source of infection-fighting white blood cells. The period between bone marrow elimination and transplant acceptance (i.e. the body adjusting to its new, healthier bone marrow) is around 6 weeks, and this can vary from person to person. During this critical time, a transplant recipient is at extremely high risk of acquiring infections. This includes infection with SARS CoV-2. #### **Living in a care facility or nursing home** Nursing home populations are at the highest risk of being affected by COVID-19 compared to the general population because they have a high proportion of [older](#age) adults who are often living with underlying chronic medical conditions which puts them at risk of experiencing severe or chronic symptoms if infected with SARS-CoV-2. To protect all who live and work in nursing homes and care facilities, regular cleaning and disinfection of common areas, appropriate [social distancing](https://nabtahealth.com/what-is-social-distancing/), and self-isolation measures where required, should be implemented. It is important that carers, who may carry the virus but may not be at risk themselves, also take the necessary steps to protect those residents who are considered high risk. This includes social distancing as much as possible and wearing appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). #### **Working in a healthcare environment** Being a doctor, nurse or an individual working in a hospital or clinic means that you may have regular exposure to patients who may have tested positive for SARS CoV-2 and, therefore, there is a risk of them passing the infection on to you. Take sensible precautions when handling infected patients; use PPE when at work, such as masks, a clinical coat/suit and gloves, and ensure that it is changed on a regular basis. Outside of work, take steps to protect yourself and those around you who may be vulnerable to infection. Use best practice for maintaining hygiene, including removal of potentially contaminated clothing whilst still at work, washing hands with soap and water, and disinfecting any other materials that may come in contact with others outside the hospital setting. #### **Contact with an infected or exposed individual / environment** Being in close contact with someone who has COVID-19, or someone who has been exposed to the SARS CoV-2 virus, puts you at high risk of infection, which is increased if you have other confounding factors, such as those mentioned in this article. Because the majority of individuals who are exposed to the virus do not display obvious symptoms, extra care to protect yourself should be taken if you are in a high risk category. Based on current data surrounding the length of time the virus remains in our bodies (the incubation period), you should self-isolate for at least 14 days from the time of potential exposure (Day 0) to minimise passing the infection to others. ### **Conclusion** As this article shows, many of the factors that result in an individual becoming ‘high risk’ occur as a result of underlying health conditions. Therefore, it is important to ensure that your current health status is under control and that medication, where required, is taken appropriately. Being aware of the signs of infection such as a fever, cough, shortness of breath, is key. Call ahead before visiting a health care provider or emergency department to alert them to the fact that you have been exposed to the virus. If you are in a country which has implemented tools to alert or monitor infected or potentially infected individuals, you may wish to adopt some of those tools to protect those around you and reduce the chance of cross contamination. The general recommendation is to limit hospital visits and contact with healthcare facilities where ever possible. If you have a chronic condition and require ongoing medical care or monitoring, provided your doctor is okay with it, consider using telehealth, electronic consultations and remote care, as appropriate. If you are considered high risk and require medications or a pharmacy visit, think about asking others who are less vulnerable to pick up what is needed. It is important to keep taking your medications as recommended. Nabta Health is committed to providing you with the most up to date, peer-reviewed, clinically- and scientifically-validated information on COVID-19 and other conditions. If you are not sure what your, or your loved ones’, risk factors are, Nabta Health has built a risk assessment questionnaire, which can be accessed from our Application. The Nabta App can be downloaded from our website ([www.nabtahealth.com](http://www.nabtahealth.com)). **References:** * [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/groups-at-higher-risk.html](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/groups-at-higher-risk.html) * Madjid, M., _et al_. Potential Effects of Coronaviruses on the Cardiovascular System: A Review. _JAMA Cardiol._ Published online March 27, 2020. * Ruparelia, N., _et al._ Inflammatory processes in cardiovascular disease: a route to targeted therapies. _Nat Rev Cardiol_ 14**,** 133–144 (2017) * Libert, C.,_et al_. The X chromosome in immune functions: when a chromosome makes the difference. _Nat Rev Immunol_ 10, 594–604 (2010) * ue Tsai, Xavier Clemente-Casares, Angela C. Zhou, Helena Lei, Jennifer J. Ahn, Yi Tao Chan, O.C., et al. Insulin Receptor-Mediated Stimulation Boosts T Cell Immunity during [Inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/) and Infection. _Cell [Metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/)_ 28 (6), 922-934 (2018) * Muniyappa, R. and Gubbi, S. COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus. _Am j physiol. Endocrinology and [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/)_ 318(5), E736-E741. (2020) * Hanna, T. P. _et al_. “Cancer, COVID-19 and the precautionary principle: prioritizing treatment during a global pandemic. _Nature rev clin oncol_ 17(5) 268-270. (2020) * [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/community-mitigation-strategy.pdf](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/community-mitigation-strategy.pdf) * Jafar, N., _et al_. The Effect of Short-Term Hyperglycemia on the Innate Immune System. _Am J of Med Sci_, 351 (2), 201-211 (2016) * Cheng, Y., _et al_. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. _Kidney int._ vol. 97 (5), 829-838 (2020) * Parohan, M., et al. Liver injury is associated with severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of retrospective studies. _Hepatol Res_. (2020) * [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html](https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html) * Ishan, P., _et al_. Association of Treatment Dose Anticoagulation with In-Hospital Survival Among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. J Am College Cardiol. (in press) (2020).
Is Performing a C-Section Better Than Inducing Labour, when it comes to giving birth, usually the preferred option is to let labour proceed naturally. However, there are times when it is not in the mother or baby’s interest for this to happen. When the health of either is at risk, or if gestation has exceeded [41 weeks duration,](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/doctor-tips-weeks-27-40/) then it is highly probable that an alternative strategy will need to be implemented. There are two options available, [inducing labour](../) or performing a [C-section](../). With an induction, the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) is artificially stimulated to contract, and it is then hoped that labour will proceed as per a natural delivery. In contrast, a C-section is a surgical procedure, whereby a cut is made in the abdomen and the baby is removed that way, rather than via the [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/). Sometimes the only safe option is to perform a C-section, for example if the baby is breach, or when an emergency situation arises. However, there are other times when you may be presented with a choice and if this happens, what is the correct answer? Unfortunately there is no definitive right answer. An induction can be at least as safe as spontaneous labour and, if performed in the week prior to the [due date](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/due-date/), it is thought to reduce [the risk of](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-is-preeclampsia/) [preeclampsia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/preeclampsia/) in the mother and respiratory distress in the child, possibly as a result of the [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/) remaining fully functional. Unlike C-sections, inductions are not surgical procedures and thus, if all goes to plan, the recovery period is shorter. It is however, a big ‘IF’. [Induced labours](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/induction-of-labour/) are typically more painful, meaning more women will request stronger pain relief including epidurals, and there is a greater likelihood of assisted delivery, such as the use of forceps or ventouse. There is also an increased [risk of hyperstimulation](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-is-ovarian-drilling/) of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/)., Uterine hyperstimulation causes more frequent, longer [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/), which can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to complications such as foetal heart rate abnormalities and, in rare cases, uterine rupture. In a significant number of women, induction does not work and a C-section becomes necessary. The advent of the C-section was undoubtedly a medical revolution, instantly saving the lives of millions of women and children. However, C-sections bring with them all the risks of regular surgery, including blood clots, wound infection and bleeding. The recovery period is typically longer after a C-section than after a natural birth, driving restrictions are enforced and a scar remains, although this will fade over time. Whilst current guidelines stipulate that an induction should only be performed when [the risks of continuing the pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/complications-during-pregnancy-polyhydramnios/) outweighs the benefits, with more women than ever requesting elective C-sections, the World Health Organisation has highlighted an urgent need for medical assessment efforts to address the risks of induced labour compared to elective C-section. Until such work is undertaken, it becomes a matter of individual circumstance, personal choice and ultimately weighing up what is best for you and your baby. **Sources:** * Grobman, W A, et al. “Labor Induction versus Expectant Management in Low-Risk Nulliparous Women.” _The New England Journal of Medicine_, vol. 379, no. 6, 9 Aug. 2018, pp. 513–523., doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1800566. * WHO Recommendations for Induction of Labour. World Health Organisation, [http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44531/9789241501156\_eng.pdf?sequence=1](http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44531/9789241501156_eng.pdf?sequence=1). Accessed on 23/01/2019. * _Inducing Labour. Clinical Guideline \[CG70\]_. NICE (National Institute for Care and Health Excellence), July 2008, www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg70/chapter/Introduction. Accessed on 23/01/2019
Are high [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels causing concern? Understanding the impact of elevated [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) is crucial for maintaining hormonal balance and overall health. [Progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) plays a vital part in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, but when levels rise unreasonably, it can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to different indications and well-being challenges. This article dives into the signs, causes, and suggestions of tall [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels, advertising clear experiences and viable counsel to address this common hormonal issue. Whether experiencing symptoms or seeking preventative measures, powering yourself with knowledge can guide you toward optimal hormonal wellness. You’re not alone in this journey; we’re here to support you. * High [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) symptoms include fatigue, bloating, breast tenderness and [vaginal dryness](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/5-reasons-why-you-may-be-experiencing-vaginal-dryness). * [Progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) naturally increases when you become pregnant. * Maintaining [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) at a ‘normal’ level has health benefits, for example it can help boost your mood. * Low [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels is one of the characteristics of [anovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/anovulation/) (lack of [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/)), which is a symptom of [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/). * If your [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels are too high and you are not pregnant, some causes can include ovarian cysts, congenital [adrenal hyperplasia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/adrenal-hyperplasia/) and ovarian cancer. #### I have high [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) symptoms. Am I pregnant? Measuring your [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels is a good way of confirming whether or not [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) has taken place. However, high or low [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) can be associated with other conditions. #### My [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) is low… One of the [main symptoms of](../what-is-pcos) [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) is [anovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/anovulation/) (failure to ovulate), characterized by [low](../what-happens-if-my-progesterone-levels-are-too-low) [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/). To diagnose [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/), most guidelines state that two out of the three main symptoms ([anovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/anovulation/), [hyperandrogenism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hyperandrogenism/), and polycystic [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/)) should be present. It is possible to have [](https://nabtahealth.com/i-have-regular-periods-could-i-still-have-pcos/)[PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) and also have periods that are regular. A lack of [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/), in addition to serving as a marker of [anovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/anovulation/), also contributes to higher circulating levels of [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/), contributing to another of the major symptoms of [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/), [hyperandrogenism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hyperandrogenism/). [Boosting low](https://nabtahealth.com/alternatives-to-progesterone-supplements-for-managing-pcos/) [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels has health benefits (preventing over-exposure of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) to [oestrogen](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/oestrogen/)) and will serve as a natural mood enhancer. If you are concerned that your [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels are too high, find out quickly, discreetly, and conveniently by taking an [at-home women’s health fertility test](https://nabtahealth.com/product/womens-fertility-test/). The results will allow you to make informed decisions about your next steps. #### But, what about if [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels are higher than normal? First, it is worth considering what is ‘normal? [Progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels in the serum naturally fluctuate, not just throughout the menstrual cycle, when they can feasibly go from 0 to 20ng/ml, but also on an hour-by-hour basis. This makes defining ‘normal’ challenging. [Progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) is not present at all during the follicular phase of the cycle and will only start to rise after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/), reaching a peak 7-5 days before menstruation starts. This peak is often around 8ng/ml, but can be as high as 20ng/ml. Without fertilization, [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels fall swiftly back to zero for the start of the next menstrual cycle. If fertilization does occur, Chart will remain high as the hormone helps to prepare the body for pregnancy. Symptoms of high [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) include fatigue, bloating, moodiness, breast tenderness, and vaginal dryness, these can all be very [](../subtle-signs-of-pregnancy)[early signs of pregnancy](../subtle-signs-of-pregnancy). It is not abnormal for [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels to reach 85-90ng/ml during the first and second trimester, dropping to approximately 45ng/ml in the third trimester as the body prepares for birth. Multiple births (twins or triplets) usually give rise to higher than average levels. So, if your [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels seem high, the first thing to consider is whether or not you might be pregnant. #### I’m not pregnant; what else causes high [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels? If pregnancy is not the reason for higher than normal [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels, there are a few other conditions that might [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to high levels of the hormone: * [Ovarian cysts](../are-ovarian-cysts-the-same-thing-as-pcos). Some ovarian cysts occur alongside an excess of [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/), however, which causes which is unclear. Ovarian cysts are usually [benign](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/benign/), often form as part of normal menstruation and, unless they rupture, will generally cause few side effects. (If you have [ovarian cysts you do not necessarily have](https://nabtahealth.com/are-ovarian-cysts-the-same-thing-as-pcos/) [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/).) * Congenital [adrenal hyperplasia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/adrenal-hyperplasia/). A group of rare inherited conditions that affect the production of hormones, including [androgens](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/androgen/), by the adrenal glands. * [Ovarian cancer](https://nabtahealth.com/ovarian-cancer-symptoms/) and adrenal cancer. These are both rare and will usually be accompanied by other symptoms such as pain and bleeding. To conclude, if you have high levels of [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/), the first thing to do is re-test your chart, taking into account the tendency for fluctuations in readings. Also, bear in mind that having healthy levels of [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) is generally a good thing; it makes periods lighter, reduces anxiety, is anti-inflammatory, and improves the appearance of the skin and hair. Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#334a525f5f52735d525147525b56525f475b1d505c5e) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. #### **Sources:** Briden, L. “Roadmap to [Progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/).” _Lara Briden – The Period Revolutionary_, 19 Jan. 2014, [www.larabriden.com/road-map-to-](http://www.larabriden.com/road-map-to-progesterone/)[progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/)/. Holm, G. “Serum [Progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) Test: Purpose, Results, and Risks.” _Healthline_, [www.healthline.com/health/serum-](http://www.healthline.com/health/serum-progesterone)[progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/). Medically reviewed by University of Illinois-Chicago, College of Medicine on August 22, 2016. “[Progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/).” _Lab Tests Online_, AACC, [labtestsonline.org/tests/](http://labtestsonline.org/tests/progesterone)[progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/). This article was last modified on December 28, 2018.
Fertility diet has a direct impact on how healthy we are, and, eating well will keep us looking and feeling better. Improved heart health, a lower risk of developing dementia and brighter looking skin are just some of the perks of adopting a well-balanced diet. Whilst eating healthily is always to be encouraged, a woman’s diet prior to, and during, pregnancy is extra important. Eating more of the right things will ensure optimum health not just for her, but also for her baby. **Fertility Diet Essentials for Conception** The right food is essential for conception, because it supports overall reproductive health and hormonal balance. Here is a basic example of nutrition and fertility. When women don’t consume enough calories every day, they eventually stop menstruating, and when women aren’t menstruating the [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/) are not releasing eggs. Thus, women body can flip the switch from fertile to infertile. According to the experts, maintaining stable blood sugar levels, Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts can help regulate [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) and improve egg quality. Foods with unsaturated fats, like fish and nuts, whole grains, and many vegetables, can help _**boost fertility**_. Furthermore, Berries such as blueberries and raspberries are also excellent choices because they contain antioxidants for reproductive health. Opt for whole grains, fruits with a low glycemic index, and lean protein sources to avoid blood sugar spikes and crashes. Include whole grains, healthy fats, and proteins in your meals. Ensure you get your proteins from lean meats, eggs, seafood, beans, nuts, seeds, and tofu. These foods provide essential nutrients that support reproductive hormones. By eating a balanced diet like this, you can feel healthier, reduce the risk of diseases, and help your journey to becoming pregnant. Most of us know the foods that are bad for us; those that are processed, contain high sugar content, or excess saturated fats. But, of those foods that are good for us, will any actually [help to boost fertility](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/eating-to-conceive/)? The short answer is yes! Sea food, poultry, whole grains, fruit and vegetables have all been shown to improve fertility. The long-chain [Omega-3 fatty acids](https://nabtahealth.com/the-good-dietary-fat/) found in flaxseeds, chia and walnuts all increase your likelihood of conceiving. Vegetables, which are high in fibre and full of good carbohydrates, function well as fertility enhancers in their own right, but those containing high levels of [folate](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/folate/) are even better. Folic acid improves fertility, reduces the [risk of](https://nabtahealth.com/causes-of-miscarriage/) [miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/), and prevents [neural tube](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/neural-tube/) defects in the developing baby. Such are its beneficial properties, it is frequently prescribed as a supplement for women aiming to become pregnant. The great news, however, is that by _eating a diet rich_ in dark, leafy greens, you can naturally increase your [folate](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/folate/) levels, getting all the same benefits that supplements provide. Foods such as spinach, peas, broccoli and brussels sprouts are excellent sources of [folate](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/folate/). They also contain [vitamin A](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-a/) and other essential nutrients. So, to improve your chances of conceiving, first of all look at your diet because simple changes and additions can make for a much healthier lifestyle and pregnancy. Try Nabta’s [women’s fertility test](https://nabtahealth.com/product/womens-fertility-test/) and get to know what to [eat to be able to conceive](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/eating-to-conceive/). Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#3940585555587957585b4d58515c58554d51175a5654) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Here are five commonly asked questions about fertility diets with brief answers:** **What foods should I include in a fertility diet?** Include foods rich in Omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts), whole grains, lean proteins (like lean meats, eggs, and tofu), and plenty of fruits and vegetables. **Can a fertility diet improve my chances of conception?** Yes, a balanced fertility diet can support reproductive health, hormonal balance, and improve your chances of conceiving naturally. **Are there specific nutrients that enhance fertility?** Yes, nutrients like [folate](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/folate/) (found in leafy greens and legumes) and Omega-3 fatty acids are known to enhance fertility by supporting egg quality and hormonal balance. **What foods should I avoid for better fertility?** Limit processed foods, high-sugar items, and foods high in saturated fats, as these can negatively impact fertility and overall health. **How important is diet before and during pregnancy?** A healthy diet before and during pregnancy is crucial for both maternal and fetal health, ensuring optimal development and reducing risks. **Sources:** * Gaskins, A J, and J E Chavarro. “_**Diet and Fertility**_: a Review.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 218, no. 4, Apr. 2018, pp. 379–389., doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.010 * Wilson, R D., et al, “Pre-Conception Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of [Neural Tube](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/neural-tube/) Defects and Other Folic Acid-Sensitive Congenital Anomalies.” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 534–552. * WebMD, [www.webmd.com/baby/features/getting-pregnant-easy-ways-to-encourage-fertility#1](http://www.webmd.com/baby/features/getting-pregnant-easy-ways-to-encourage-fertility#1). * US Department of health and human services, [https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/](https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/) * For further reading here is a book titled: A Science-Based 4-Week Nutrition Program to Boost Your Fertility. Reference: Avena, N. (2021). What to Eat When You Want to Get Pregnant: A Science-Based 4-Week Nutrition Program to Boost Your Fertility. Citadel Press.
Polycystic ovary syndrome ([PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It is caused by a hormonal imbalance in the body and can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to a number of symptoms, including irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth, acne, and weight gain. While urinary and bowel issues are not typically considered common symptoms of [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/), they can occur in some individuals with the condition. The most common urinary symptom associated with [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) is urinary tract infections (UTIs), which can cause symptoms such as frequent or urgent urination, [pain or burning during urination](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/can-pcos-cause-urinary-and-bowel-issues/), and cloudy or bloody urine. These symptoms can be treated with antibiotics. * [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) cause urinary and bowel issues even when women have non-classic [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/). * This is because the cysts may press against the bladder and rectum (bowel). * Cysts can be removed under general anaesthetic. * [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) symptoms can be relieved through changing your lifestyle. #### Classic and Non-Classic [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) Despite its name, polycystic ovary syndrome [](https://nabtahealth.com/do-polycystic-ovaries-equal-pcos/)[does not require the presence of polycystic](https://nabtahealth.com/do-polycystic-ovaries-equal-pcos/) [](https://nabtahealth.com/do-polycystic-ovaries-equal-pcos/)[ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/). In fact, when present together, excess of male hormones ([hyperandrogenism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hyperandrogenism/)) and lack of [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) ([anovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/anovulation/)) comprise the [classic form of](https://nabtahealth.com/what-is-pcos/) [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/), which is more common and generally associated with more severe side effects than the non-classic form. Women who have non-classic [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) can have [polycystic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome) [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/) with regular menstrual cycles and [](https://nabtahealth.com/is-hyperandrogenism-a-symptom-of-pcos/)[hyperandrogenism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hyperandrogenism/) (non-classic ovulatory [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)). Or they can have normal [androgens](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/androgen/) but experience chronic [anovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/anovulation/) (non-classic mild/normoandrogenic [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)). #### [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) Can Cause Urinary and Bowel Issues Although non-classic [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) is typically milder, those women who have extensive ovarian cysts may experience pain in the pelvic region where the cysts press against the bladder and rectum. Associated symptoms include nausea, urinary conditions, and [constipation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/constipation/). Depending on the severity of the symptoms, treatment options range from over-the-counter pain relief medication to cyst removal under general anaesthetic. Ultrasound investigation will be used to establish how invasive the cysts are. In addition to the pain and pressure caused by the presence of cysts in the abdominal region, many women with [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) experience symptoms that are usually associated with diabetes. This is probably because a large proportion of women with the condition are insulin resistant. Symptoms such as sugar cravings, frequent urination, blurred vision, delayed healing, and a tingling sensation have all been reported. To date, the most effective way of relieving the symptoms of [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) is through the implementation of [lifestyle changes](https://nabtahealth.com/is-it-possible-to-reverse-pcos/), such as weight loss. What are the common urinary and bowel symptoms associated with [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Polycystic ovary syndrome ([PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. * It is caused by a hormonal imbalance in the body and can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to a number of symptoms, including irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth, acne, and weight gain. * While urinary and bowel issues are not typically considered common symptoms of [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/), they can occur in some individuals with the condition. * The most common urinary symptom associated with [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) is urinary tract infections (UTIs), which can cause symptoms such as frequent or urgent urination, pain or burning during urination, and cloudy or bloody urine. * Another urinary issue that can occur with [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) is incontinence, or the inability to control the release of urine from the bladder. * [Constipation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/constipation/) is a common symptom of [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/). This can be caused by hormonal imbalances and changes in the levels of insulin and other hormones in the body. * It’s important to talk to a doctor if you have [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) and are experiencing any symptoms related to your urinary or bowel health. They can help diagnose and treat any underlying issues and provide you with the care and support you need to manage your condition. To read more about factors that are associated with [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) click [here](https://nabtahealth.com/treating-the-associated-symptoms-of-pcos/) and consider Nabta’s [](https://nabtahealth.com/product/pcos-test/)[PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) Test to understand more. Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#81f8e0edede0c1efe0e3f5e0e9e4e0edf5e9afe2eeec) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. FAQ’s On [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) Cause Urinary and Bowel Issues? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### Can [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) Cause Blood In Urine Yes, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ([PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)) can indirectly cause blood in urine due to associated conditions like urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney issues. It’s important to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. ### [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) Urine Color [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) does not usually change urine color directly. However, related conditions such as UTIs or dehydration can cause urine to appear darker, cloudy, or bloody. Consult a healthcare provider if you notice unusual changes in urine color. Does [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) Cause You To Pee a Lot -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Yes, [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) can cause you to pee a lot due to related conditions like [insulin resistance](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insulin-resistance/) or diabetes, which can increase thirst and urination. It’s essential to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and management. ### Can [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) Cause UTI Yes, [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) can increase the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to hormonal imbalances and [insulin resistance](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insulin-resistance/). It’s important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. ### [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) Peeing a Lot Yes, [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) can cause frequent urination due to associated conditions like [insulin resistance](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insulin-resistance/) or diabetes, which can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to increased thirst and urination. Consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and management. #### **Sources:** El Hayak, S, et al. “Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome: An Updated Overview.” _Frontiers in Physiology_, vol. 7, 5 Apr. 2016, p. 124., doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00124. Norman, R J, et al. “The Role of Lifestyle Modification in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.” _Trends in Endocrinology and [Metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/)_, vol. 13, no. 6, Aug. 2002, pp. 251–257. Patel, S. “Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ([PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)), an Inflammatory, Systemic, Lifestyle Endocrinopathy.” _The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology_, vol. 182, Sept. 2018, pp. 27–36., doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.04.008.
Your new baby has arrived, and you are eager to get back into shape. However, [losing weight after pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/7-healthy-eating-tips-for-postpartum-weight-loss/) takes time and patience, especially because your body is still undergoing many hormonal and metabolic changes. Most women will lose half their baby weight by 6-weeks postpartum and return to their pre-pregnancy weight by 6 months after delivery. For long-term results, keep the following tips in mind. Prior to beginning any diet or exercise, [please consult with your physician](https://nabtahealth.okadoc.com/). 1\. **Dieting too soon is unhealthy.** Dieting too soon can delay your recovery time and make you more tired. Your body needs time to heal from labor and delivery. Try not to be so hard on yourself during the first 6 weeks postpartum. 2\. **Be realistic**. Set realistic and attainable goals. It is healthy to lose 1-2 pounds per week. Don’t go on a strict, restrictive diet. Women need a minimum of 1,200 calories a day to remain healthy, and most women need more than that — between 1,500 and 2,200 calories a day — to keep up their energy and prevent mood swings. And if you’re nursing, you need a bare minimum of 1,800 calories a day to nourish both yourself and your baby. 3\. **Move it**. There are many benefits to exercise. Exercise can promote weight loss when combined with a reduced calorie diet. Physical activity can also restore your muscle strength and tone. Exercise can condition your abdominal muscles, improve your mood, and help prevent and promote recovery from postpartum depression. 4\. **Breastfeed**. In addition to the many benefits of breastfeeding for your baby, it will also help you lose weight faster. Women who gain a reasonable amount of weight and breastfeed exclusively are more likely to lose all weight six months after giving birth. Experts also estimate that women who breastfeed retain 2 kilograms (4.4 pounds) less than women who don’t breastfeed at six months after giving birth. 5\. **Hydrate**. Drink 8 or 9 cups of liquids a day. Drinking water helps your body flush out toxins as you are losing weight. Limit drinks like sodas, juices, and other fluids with sugar and calories. They can add up and keep you from losing weight. 6. **Don’t skip meals**. Don’t skip meals in an attempt to lose weight. It won’t help, because you’ll be more likely to binge at other meals. Skipping meals will also make you feel tired and grouchy. With a new baby, it can be difficult to find time to eat. Rather than fitting in three big meals, focus on eating five to six small meals a day with healthy snacks in between. 7\. **Eat the rainbow.** Stock up on your whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Consuming more fruits and vegetables along with whole grains and lean meats, nuts, and beans is a safe and healthy diet. ose weight after postpartum Is one of the biggest challenge women face worldwidely. Different Expertise and studies indicated that female might lose approximately 13 pounds’ weight which is around 6 KG in the first week after giving birth. The essential point here is that dieting not required for losing the weight, diet often reduce the amount of some important vitamins, minerals and nutrients. **Here are seven tips from the professional nutritionist perspective that can be considered for losing weight after postpartum these are;** 2\. Considered food like fish, chicken, nuts, and beans are excellent sources of protein and nutrients. 3\. A healthy serving of fat, such as avocado, chia seeds or olive oil 4\. With the balance diet please consider to drink plenty of water to stay hydrated. 5\. Regular exercise helps to shed extra pounds and improve overall health. 6\. Fiber-rich foods should be included to promote digestive health and support weight loss efforts. 7\. Don’t forget about self-care. By making these dietary changes and incorporating physical activity, you can achieve postpartum weight loss sustainably and healthily. **Sources:** * Center for Disease and Control and Prevention * Healthy Weight: it’s not dieting, it’s a lifestyle. Obstetrics and Gynecology * The risks of not breastfeeding for mothers and infants. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists * Guidelines of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists for exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Powered by Bundoo®
Sushi is considered a healthy eating option and its popularity is growing in the US. Many parents wonder if it is safe for their young child to eat sushi and when they can safely introduce it in the diet. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), there is no need to delay the introduction of fish or shellfish beyond [4-6 months](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/when-can-your-child-eat-sushi-and-raw-fish/) of age in healthy, low food allergy risk children. Specifics about whether the fish is cooked or raw are not made, and the assumption is that this stance reflects cooked fish and shellfish. The Food and Drug Administration ([FDA](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fda-2/)) specifies that no raw fish or shellfish should be given to high-risk groups, highlighting very young children as one such group. At what age is a child no longer considered at high-risk? --------------------------------------------------------- A [child’s immune system](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/when-can-your-child-eat-sushi-and-raw-fish/) development is slow and steady during the first 2-3 years of life, and by age 4-6 years old, adult levels of immunity are seen. Your [child’s immune](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/can-daycare-build-your-childs-immune-system/) system continues to develop throughout [puberty](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/puberty/). Given this information, waiting until 5-6 years of age to introduce raw fish and uncooked sushi is the best way. This will ensure your child is defended against potentially harmful substances. Bacterial contamination is a threat to any temperature sensitive food and cannot be seen, smelled or tasted. [Food poisoning](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-to-avoid-food-poisoning-during-pregnancy/) symptoms are similar to the stomach flu, so they may be hard to detect. Asking questions about the quality of food and how it is prepared is good. However, taking care to eat at reputable restaurants that you trust can help prevent adverse reactions to contaminated sushi. US restaurants are required to use sushi that has been properly frozen and/or cooked to eliminate parasitic contamination. ##### Food allergies The [Food Allergy](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/4-ways-to-know-if-your-child-has-a-food-allergy/) and Anaphylaxis Network states that about 7 million people in the US have a reported seafood allergy. In addition to seafood allergy risk, Asian cuisine can often contain other allergens such as peanut, egg, tree nut, and soy ingredients. Raw or cooked sushi is typically assembled into a firm, round food. Sashimi is a raw piece of fish set atop a small amount of rice; it has a slippery texture. Both sushi and sashimi may present a choking hazard, especially for young toddlers. A child to eat sushi may also have a sticky texture that may be foreign to the child. Cutting cooked sushi into small pieces before serving it to your toddler can minimize the risk of choking. When it comes to raw sushi or sashimi, it may be best to leave it out of your child’s diet as they are young and building a strong immune system. However, there is no reason why your toddler can’t safely enjoy cooked or vegetarian Asian cuisine, with special attention paid to its ingredients. If you enjoy sushi and other Asian cuisines and want to pass this along to your child, think about alternatives to raw fish such as: Vegetable rolls ##### **Those containing only cooked fish and/or shellfish** * Rice bowls * Tempura * Soups * Salads * Stir-fry * Teriyaki The truth is that while food safety, allergies, and choking hazards should always be considered. There really is no consensus on an exact age that is appropriate to give a young child raw fish. By 5-6 years old, a healthy [child’s immune system](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/can-daycare-build-your-childs-immune-system/) should be strong enough to graduate to raw sushi with the rest of the family. No magical age, grade level, or number of exposures to sushi will prevent the occurrence of an illness from contaminated food. Good judgment and necessary precautions should always be in place. **Sources:** * U.S * Food & Drug Administration * Fresh and Frozen Seafood: Selecting and Serving it Safely. KidsSafe Seafood. Food Allergy and Anaphylactic Network. Powered by Bundoo®
