Will taking contraceptive pill increase developing cancer risk, It is estimated that as many as 140 million women worldwide take the [oral contraceptive pill](https://nabtahealth.com/the-oral-contraceptive-pill/). It is a simple, effective way for a female to control her own fertility and has also been utilised as a treatment for heavy periods, [acne](https://nabtahealth.com/why-do-i-get-acne-breakouts-before-my-period/) and [](https://nabtahealth.com/what-medications-are-recommended-for-endometriosis/)[endometriosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/endometriosis/). However, safety concerns over its usage persist, and one of the major issues is a suspected link between the pill and cancer. So, what does the science say? Does taking the pill increase your risk of developing cancer, or can it actually serve a protective role? **The pill as an anti-cancer agent** ------------------------------------ **The pill reduces the risk of ovarian, endometrial and colorectal cancer.** * **Ovarian cancer**. Ever-users of the pill are significantly less likely to develop [ovarian cancer](https://nabtahealth.com/the-diversity-of-ovarian-cancer/) than never-users. In fact, studies have suggested that for every 5 years of pill use there is a 20% reduction in ovarian cancer risk. Furthermore, these protective effects are maintained for at least 30 years after discontinuation of pill use. * **Endometrial cancer**. The pill exerts a substantial protective effect against the development of [endometrial cancer](https://nabtahealth.com/a-guide-to-endometrial-cancer/). The risk is thought to be reduced by between 30 and 50%, depending on the duration of use. Protection lasts for at least 20 years after cessation of treatment. * **Colorectal cancer**. Ever-users of the pill are approximately 15% less likely to develop colorectal cancer than those that have never taken it. Whether increased duration of use has a beneficial effect is difficult to know as the quality of data from these studies is poor. **The pill’s carcinogenic effects** ----------------------------------- Oral contraceptive use is a risk factor for breast and cervical cancer. * **Breast cancer**. The association between breast cancer and the oral contraceptive pill is small, but significant. Studies suggest that those women who are currently on the pill are 20% to 24% more likely to receive a breast cancer diagnosis. The increased risk is lost once the pill is discontinued and, after ten years, prior pill users are at no greater risk than never users of getting breast cancer. The risk also falls significantly once a woman goes through the [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Pill use is associated with clinically challenging types of breast cancer, including the [triple negative form](https://nabtahealth.com/breast-cancer-staging/), which usually has a worse prognosis and higher mortality rate. The exact mechanisms linking the two are unclear, although many breast cancers have a hormonal component. It is thought that increased lifetime exposure to oestrogens increases the risk of breast cancer, primarily because the hormone promotes or initiates tumour growth. Studies have failed to find an elevated risk of breast cancer in pill users with a family history of the disease. However, the data may be skewed by the fact that these women are less likely to use the pill due to their already increased susceptibility. The established link between [oestrogen](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/oestrogen/) and breast cancer may [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) you to wonder whether using the progestin-only ‘mini pill’ would be a safer option. There have been very few studies on this form of contraception, probably because it is not as widely used as the combined pill (which contains [oestrogen](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/oestrogen/) and progestin). The work that has been performed has suggested that women who take the mini pill still have a higher risk of breast cancer than those who have never used oral contraceptives, perhaps by as much as 21%. The link between progestins and breast cancer is poorly understood and likely to be complex. However, it is validated by studies on postmenopausal women who take hormone replacement therapy. Those on combined [oestrogen](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/oestrogen/) plus progestin therapy have a higher breast cancer risk than those who take just [oestrogen](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/oestrogen/). Thus, the mini pill should no longer be considered a safer contraceptive option for those with an elevated risk of developing breast cancer. * **Cervical cancer**. Taking the pill for five or more years is associated with a significantly increased risk of developing cervical cancer. The duration of use increases the risk, so that women who take the pill for 5 years have a 10% increased risk, but those who take it for longer, are more than 60% more likely to be diagnosed. Ten years after stopping the pill there is no increased risk of developing cervical cancer. One important thing to note is that as a risk, oral contraceptives will always be cofactors that interact with high risk [human papillomavirus](https://nabtahealth.com/when-should-i-get-a-pap-smear/) ([HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)) strains to induce cervical carcinogenesis. This means that oral contraceptives in isolation are not a risk factor in women who are [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) negative; however, for those who are [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) positive, the pill can exacerbate the risk. Steroid hormone receptors (mainly [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/)) are found in cervical tissue and are thought to enhance the expression of high risk [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/), contributing to cancerous changes in the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/). **Conclusion: the pill and cancer** ----------------------------------- It is very difficult to state conclusively whether the pill should be used or avoided based on its associations with cancer. The net effect is likely to be positive, with one long-term, UK-based study finding that taking the pill resulted in a 12% reduction in overall cancer risk. It is also challenging to assess the absolute risk posed by oral contraceptive use. Cancer can have a long latency period, meaning the time between exposure to a particular risk factor and cancer diagnosis can span many years. Most women who develop cancer will have been exposed to multiple risk factors during their lifetimes, including [parity](https://nabtahealth.com/is-pregnancy-linked-to-developing-cervical-cancer/) (the number of times she has been pregnant and carried the baby to term), [obesity](https://nabtahealth.com/the-link-between-obesity-and-cancer-in-women/) and whether or not she has breastfed (breastfeeding can exert [protective effects](https://nabtahealth.com/benefits-of-breastfeeding-for-the-mother/)). Ascertaining how much of a role each of these factors plays in a later cancer diagnosis is likely to be extremely difficult. One final thing to consider is that the pill has changed in formulation over the decades since it was first utilised as a type of contraception. The specific synthetic hormones in use have changed, as has their concentration. Today, a triphasic pill is commonly used, whereby the hormone concentration changes across the month. This is designed to more closely mimic the normal ovulatory cycle. These different formulations will have differing risks and benefits. The consequence of this is that women who were prescribed the pill in its infancy, in the 1950s and 1960s should certainly not be compared to those taking it today in the 21st Century. Perhaps the advent of the mini pill came with initial optimism that the risks associated with the combined pill would be alleviated by removing the [oestrogen](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/oestrogen/) component. Unfortunately, it appears that women taking this form of contraceptive have a comparable cancer risk to those taking the more commonly prescribed combined oral contraceptive pill. Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#5f263e33333e1f313e3d2b3e373a3e332b37713c3032) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources:** * Brynhildsen, Jan. “Combined Hormonal Contraceptives: Prescribing Patterns, Compliance, and Benefits versus Risks.” Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, vol. 5, no. 5, Oct. 2014, pp. 201–213., doi:10.1177/2042098614548857. * “Does the Contraceptive Pill Increase Cancer Risk?” Cancer Research UK, 4 Mar. 2019, [https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/hormones-and-cancer/does-the-contraceptive-pill-increase-cancer-risk](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/hormones-and-cancer/does-the-contraceptive-pill-increase-cancer-risk). * Gierisch, J. M., et al. “Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Breast, Cervical, Colorectal, and Endometrial Cancers: A Systematic Review.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, vol. 22, no. 11, Nov. 2013, pp. 1931–1943., doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0298. * Knowlden, Hilary A. “The Pill and Cancer: a Review of the Literature. A Case of Swings and Roundabouts?” Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 15, no. 9, Sept. 1990, pp. 1016–1020., doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1990.tb01981.x. * Li, Li, et al. “Association between Oral Contraceptive Use as a Risk Factor and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Molecular and Clinical Oncology, vol. 7, no. 1, 12 May 2017, pp. 76–80., doi:10.3892/mco.2017.1259. * Murphy, Neil, et al. “Reproductive and Menstrual Factors and Colorectal Cancer Incidence in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.” British Journal of Cancer, vol. 116, no. 1, 29 Nov. 2016, pp. 117–125., doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.345. * Mørch, L S, et al. “Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer.” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 377, no. 23, 7 Dec. 2017, pp. 2228–2239., doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1700732. * “Oral Contraceptives (Birth Control Pills) and Cancer Risk.” National Cancer Institute, [https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/oral-contraceptives-fact-sheet](https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/oral-contraceptives-fact-sheet). * Roura, Esther, et al. “The Influence of Hormonal Factors on the Risk of Developing Cervical Cancer and Pre-Cancer: Results from the EPIC Cohort.” Plos One, vol. 11, no. 1, 25 Jan. 2016, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147029. * Schairer, Catherine. “Menopausal Estrogen and Estrogen-Progestin Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk.” Jama, vol. 283, no. 4, 26 Jan. 2000, pp. 485–491., doi:10.1001/jama.283.4.485. * Smith, Jennifer S, et al. “Cervical Cancer and Use of Hormonal Contraceptives: a Systematic Review.” The Lancet, vol. 361, no. 9364, 5 Apr. 2003, pp. 1159–1167., doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12949-2. * Soroush, Ali, et al. “The Role of Oral Contraceptive Pills on Increased Risk of Breast Cancer in Iranian Populations: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 21, no. 4, 30 Dec. 2016, pp. 294–301., doi:10.15430/jcp.2016.21.4.294.
Despite being the second most common malignancy affecting pregnancy, breast cancer during pregnancy is rare. Known as Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer (PABC), it affects approximately one in 3000 pregnancies. PABC is, in fact, defined as breast cancer that is diagnosed during pregnancy or in the first year postpartum. The aim with diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer during pregnancy is to follow, as closely as possible, the normal standards of care for patients of the same age who are not pregnant. That being said, some modifications may be required in order to minimise risks to the developing baby. **Diagnosis** ------------- Most breast cancers are diagnosed following self-examination and [identification of a lump](https://nabtahealth.com/is-the-first-sign-of-breast-cancer-always-a-lump/) in the breast tissue. During pregnancy, the breasts change in shape and size as they prepare for breastfeeding. It is not uncommon for them to feel lumpy and inconsistent as the milk producing ducts and glands start to fill with milk. This can make it difficult for women to establish which changes are normal and which are a cause for concern. All abnormal masses should be investigated, although, fortunately, 80% will be [benign](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/benign/) in nature. The first diagnostic test a doctor will use is ultrasound. This uses soundwaves and is entirely safe for the unborn baby. It will characterise any unusual masses and identify whether there are features of concern within the mass. At around the same time a needle aspiration and/or core [biopsy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/biopsy/) may be taken. This enables doctors to explore the cells of the breast in more detail. Particular care will need to be implemented for analysing the results as, during pregnancy, it is not unusual for cells to become more proliferative in nature. Rapidly proliferating cells under normal conditions can serve as a warning sign that something is amiss. Mammograms will be used, however, they are known to lack sensitivity in pregnant or lactating females. As a mammogram involves radiation, doctors will endeavor to shield the baby from exposure. Newer digital mammograms might improve the sensitivity of the technique in women under 40 years of age. CT scans and bone scans, which are a normal part of the diagnostic process in non-pregnant females, are avoided during pregnancy, due to the dangers of radiation to the developing foetus. These methods are normally employed to check for [metastasis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metastasis/), and thus, metastatic disease can be harder to detect in pregnant women. **Treatment** ------------- Most women with PABC will undergo surgery as the first-line treatment option, usually in the form of a modified radical mastectomy. It is generally safe to undergo anaesthesia whilst pregnant, but in order to limit the time you are under general anaesthetic, your doctor will probably recommend postponing reconstructive surgery until after delivery. [Radiotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/radiotherapy/) is not recommended during pregnancy and wherever possible your doctor will attempt to delay this type of treatment until after delivery. This is because it increases the risk of [foetal malformations](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/foetal-malformations/) and can delay [neurocognitive](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/neurocognitive/) development. If breast preservation is desired, the disease is not advanced and diagnosis has occurred towards the end of pregnancy, it may be possible to treat with immediate lumpectomy and [radiotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/radiotherapy/) after delivery. It has been shown that a six week window between lumpectomy and commencement of [radiotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/radiotherapy/) does not have a detrimental effect on outcome. [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) should not be given during the first [14 weeks of pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/week-by-week-pregnancy-weeks-14-26/). It can cause severe [teratogenicity](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/teratogenicity/) during organ development, which primarily occurs in the first trimester. In the second and third trimester, [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) can be administered. There have been no reports of later ill effects in children born to mothers who had [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) at this stage of their pregnancy. Most doctors will recommend stopping [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) at about week 36 to reduce the risk of infection or bleeding during delivery. Hormone therapy is not recommended for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Whilst, there are treatment options for women with PABC, additional work is required to establish a more effective treatment approach for these women. Certainly, as women postpone having children, the rates of PABC are likely to increase over the next few years. **Prognosis** ------------- The prognosis for women with PABC is generally lower than for women with breast cancer who are not pregnant. This is likely due to: * Less aggressive therapy being used due to concerns over the effect of harsher regimens on the developing baby. * Later stage of diagnosis because of difficulty in distinguishing physiologically-relevant changes from normal pregnancy-related changes. * The pregnancy having a direct effect on outcome, although knowledge regarding the exact mechanisms relating to this is currently lacking. * An increased percentage of [oestrogen](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/oestrogen/) receptor negative cases. This is known to be associated with an increased risk of metastatic disease, which has a poorer prognosis. In terms of the developing foetus, women with PABC should be reassured that there are no reports of breast cancer spreading from the mother to the baby during pregnancy. In rare cases cancer cells will be found in the [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/), so the doctor will always check this immediately after delivery. During pregnancy, a woman should remain under observation by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including gynaecologists and oncologists to ensure that the support she receives is optimal for both her and her baby. Growth scans will be performed regularly to ensure that the baby is developing as he or she should be. If possible, the medical team will try to ensure that the woman delivers her baby as close to her due delivery date as possible. After delivery, treatment options will be reassessed. Get yourself the [post-surgery pack](https://nabtahealth.com/product/post-surgery-selfcare-pack-copy/) Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#99e0f8f5f5f8d9f7f8fbedf8f1fcf8f5edf1b7faf6f4) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources:** * “Breast Cancer.” Breast Cancer during Pregnancy | Cancer Research UK, 21 Nov. 2017, [https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/living-with/breast-cancer-during-pregnancy](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/living-with/breast-cancer-during-pregnancy). * “Breast Cancer, Pregnancy and (Green-Top Guideline No. 12).” Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists, [https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg12/](https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg12/). * Johansson, A L V, et al. “Diagnostic Pathways and Management in Women with Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer (PABC): No Evidence of Treatment Delays Following a First Healthcare Contact.” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 174, no. 2, Apr. 2019, pp. 489–503., doi:10.1007/s10549-018-05083-x. * Keyser, E A, et al. “Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer.” Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology, vol. 5, no. 2, 2012, pp. 94–99.
Pregnancy linked to developing cervical cancer, The Lancet is one of the most widely read and well regarded medical journals and, as a result, work that gets published within it is generally considered to be high quality and scientifically robust. In 2002, the Lancet published the results of a study looking at the effects of parity (the number of times a woman has been pregnant and carried the baby to a viable [gestational age](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/gestational-diabetes-8-things-you-should-know/)) on cervical cancer rates. This followed work from the late 1980s and early 1990s that suggested that women who had been pregnant multiple times were more susceptible to _cervical cancer_. The findings published in the Lancet revealed that for [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)\-positive women there was a direct association between number of full-term pregnancies and risk of developing cervical cancer. This supported earlier work that stated that the risk of cervical cancer was more than 2-fold higher in women who had four or more children, compared to those who had none or one. **There are a few key points to note:** * The women at greatest risk are those who experience persistent [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) infection. High parity seems to act as a cofactor, interacting with [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) to induce cervical carcinoma. The relative risk is much lower in women who are [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)\-negative. * There is no evidence that high parity increases the risk of [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) infection. * The association is only seen with pregnancies classed as full-term. It is, therefore, likely, that the events triggering [carcinoma](https://www.cancercenter.com/carcinoma) progression happen during the second or third trimester, or even during delivery. It has been suggested that women who deliver vaginally are at a slightly higher risk than those who have a [caesarean](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/caesarean/) section, however, this data is limited and the theory requires further validation. * Other factors may confound, or exacerbate the effect; for example, it has been suggested that prolonged [oral contraceptive](../the-oral-contraceptive-pill) use might have a multiplicative effect, increasing the risk further in women who are multiparous. Not all studies have identified a positive link; some do not find a significant association and others only find a link between high parity and certain types of cervical carcinoma. Some of the studies fail to consider whether a female has undergone frequent [pap screening](../when-should-i-get-a-pap-smear), or how many previous partners she has had. The biggest risk factor for the development of [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) is having multiple sexual partners. This data appears sound, even though the reported values are likely to be an under-estimation, due to an unwillingness of women to disclose this type of information. #### **Biological mechanism** There are plausible mechanisms for an involvement of pregnancy in the transition of normal cervical cells into cancerous lesions. [High risk](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/human-papillomavirus-hpv-and-cervical-cancer/) [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) infection is implicated in almost all cases of cervical cancer. However, not all women with [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) go on to develop cancer. It is thought that the high levels of [oestrogen](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/oestrogen/) and [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) present throughout pregnancy, but particularly high in the last few weeks, cause cellular transformations on the surface of the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/) that last many years. This can cause prolonged exposure of the transformation zone in the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/) to [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) and increase the likelihood of persistent infection and progression to cancer. Another consideration is that the immunosuppression that is a natural part of pregnancy, can enhance the role of [](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/human-papillomavirus-hpv-and-cervical-cancer/)[HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) in cervical carcinogenesis. One important theory proposed by the authors of the aforementioned Lancet study, is that smaller family sizes might explain, in part, why there has been a global decline in cervical cancer mortality and incidence. This decline is considered to be mainly due to an increased awareness of pap screening as well as the advent of the hugely effective [](../can-cervical-cancer-be-prevented)[HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) vaccine; however, in countries where screening rates are low and the vaccine has not yet been introduced, a reduction in parity rates may provide an explanation. Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#fd849c91919cbd939c9f899c95989c918995d39e9290) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources:** * Brinton, Louise A., et al. “Parity As A Risk Factor For Cervical Cancer.” _American Journal of Epidemiology_, vol. 130, no. 3, Sept. 1989, pp. 486–496., doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115362. * Jensen, K E, et al. “Parity as a Cofactor for High-Grade Cervical Disease among Women with Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection: a 13-Year Follow-Up.” _British Journal of Cancer_, vol. 108, no. 1, 15 Jan. 2013, pp. 234–239., doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.513. * Kasamatsu, Elena, et al. “Factors Associated with High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection and High-Grade Cervical Neoplasia: A Population-Based Study in Paraguay.” _Plos One_, vol. 14, no. 6, 27 June 2019, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218016. * Muñoz, Nubia, et al. “Role of Parity and Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer: the IARC Multicentric Case-Control Study.” _The Lancet_, vol. 359, no. 9312, 30 Mar. 2002, pp. 1093–1101., doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08151-5. * Roura, Esther, et al. “The Influence of Hormonal Factors on the Risk of Developing Cervical Cancer and Pre-Cancer: Results from the EPIC Cohort.” _Plos One_, vol. 11, no. 1, 25 Jan. 2016, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147029. * Russo, Evandro, et al. “Vaginal Delivery and Low Immunity Are Strongly Associated With High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in a High-Risk Population.” _Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease_, vol. 15, no. 3, July 2011, pp. 195–199., doi:10.1097/lgt.0b013e31820918ea. * Trottier, Helen, et al. “Risk of Human Papillomavirus ([HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)) Infection and Cervical Neoplasia after Pregnancy.” _BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth_, vol. 15, no. 1, 7 Oct. 2015, doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0675-0.
Search for “Vitamin B17” in Google and you will find an abundance of articles and websites naming the Vitamin B17 cover-up as the greatest conspiracy in the history of humankind. Supposedly, governments around the world have been hiding Vitamin B17’s amazing ability to cure cancer from us because they are in cahoots with pharmaceutical companies who make billions every year from cancer drugs. But is it true? What is Vitamin B17? And can it really cure cancer? What is Vitamin B17? -------------------- Vitamin B17 is one name for laetrile, a partly synthetic (man-made) form of the natural substance amygdalin. Amygdalin is a plant substance found in raw nuts and the pips of many fruits, particularly apricot pips or kernels. It is also found in plants like lima beans, clover and sorghum. Other names for Vitamin B17 that you might have heard used include: * mandelonitrile beta D gentiobioside * mandelonitrile beta glucuronide * laevorotatory * purasin * amygdalina * nitriloside The name “Vitamin B17” is misleading as it is not actually a vitamin and taking it can have serious side-effects including fever, liver damage and death. Why do people think Vitamin B17 can cure cancer? ------------------------------------------------ In 1973, G. Edward Griffin, an American far-right conspiracy theorist, published World Without Cancer – The Story of Vitamin B17. In his book, Griffin asserts that cancer is a [metabolic disease](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolic-disease/) like a vitamin deficiency facilitated by the insufficient consumption of amygdalin (aka laetrile). It should be noted that Griffin also later asserted that [HIV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hiv/) (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) doesn’t exist and that AIDS (Acquired [Immune Deficiency](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/immune-deficiency/) Syndrome) was caused by [antiretroviral](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/antiretroviral/) medications rather than the [HIV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hiv/) virus – an assertion that has been scientifically disproved dozens of times. As a result of Griffin’s book, Vitamin B17 was promoted as an anti-cancer agent throughout the 1970s and has been sold as a cancer remedy ever since, either on its own or as part of a programme that includes a particular diet, vitamin supplements and pancreatic enzymes. Is there any evidence to show Vitamin B17 can cure cancer? ---------------------------------------------------------- There is no scientific evidence to show that laetrile can treat cancer or any other illness, or that cancer is a metabolic deficiency. Despite this, Vitamin B17 is still promoted as an alternative cancer treatment, meaning that people use it instead of conventional cancer treatments such as cancer drugs or [radiotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/radiotherapy/). A US website estimated that laetrile injections for 21 days to start the treatment cost about $336. Thereafter, it costs about $160 a month for laetrile tablets. Many people take Vitamin B17 because they believe it is a [detoxifying](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/detoxifying/) agent and can improve their health, energy levels and well-being, thereby helping them to live longer. However, this belief is again not supported by any scientific evidence. What does taking Vitamin B17 involve? Are there any side-effects? ----------------------------------------------------------------- Laetrile can be taken as injections (intravenously), tablets, skin lotions, or as a liquid injected into the back passage (rectum). Taking Vitamin B17 in tablet form has more side-effects than having it injected. This is because our digestive bacteria and enzymes in the food we eat break down the Vitamin B17, releasing cyanide (a poison). Because laetrile contains cyanide, which is poisonous, the side-effects are the same as they would be if you had been poisoned. These include: * fever * sickness * headaches * dizziness * liver damage * drooping eyelids * a lack of oxygen to the body tissues * a drop in blood pressure * nerve damage, causing loss of balance and difficulty walking * confusion, coma and eventually death It is estimated that eating 50g of laetrile, or roughly 50 to 60 apricot kernels, is enough to kill you. For people with existing damage to their livers, taking Vitamin B17 as a supplement can accelerate the rate at which the liver deteriorates. So, should I be taking Vitamin B17? ----------------------------------- Cancer Research UK writes: “It is understandable that you might want to try anything if you think it might help treat or cure your cancer. Only you can decide whether or not to use an alternative cancer therapy such as laetrile. “But stopping cancer treatment such as [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) or [radiotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/radiotherapy/) for an unproven treatment could be very harmful to your health. We do not recommend that you replace your conventional cancer treatment with any type of alternative cancer therapy. “Many websites promote laetrile as a cure for cancer. But no reputable scientific cancer organisations support any of these claims. Our advice is to be very cautious about believing this type of information or paying for any alternative cancer therapy over the internet.” The Mayo Clinic has also issued strong warnings about cancer scams, reminding users that all drugs must go through rigorous testing. Also to be [FDA](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fda-2/)\-approved before being touted as “cures” for any illness. Vitamin B17 as a “cure” for cancer is neither [FDA](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fda-2/)\-approved nor scientifically validated. In fact, there is significant evidence regarding the negative side-effects of taking laetrile. Also any “evidence” concerning its curative abilities is purely anecdotal. The sale of laetrile is banned in the European Union because there is no evidence that it works, and because of its serious side effects. It is also banned in the USA by the Food and Drugs Agency ([FDA](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fda-2/)). For more information, we recommend consulting WebMD’s patient information [page](https://www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/laetrileamygdalin-pdq-complementary-and-alternative-medicine---patient-information-nci-questions-and-answers-about-laetrile--amygdalin) on laetrile / amygdalin. Feel free to send your questions directly to us at [\[email protected\]](../), or register an account to leave your comments below.
**Breast Cancer** Relationship with your husband changes after breast cancer, [breast cancer](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/breast-cancer-staging/) is the most common cancer in women worldwide. It will affect up to one in eight women during their lifetime and can cause significant physical and emotional stress. Fortunately, there has been substantial research on breast cancer and its treatment and, therefore, if caught early the survival rates are high. Despite this, when facing a breast cancer diagnosis, it is still essential to look after your mental well-being; the treatment regime can be challenging and can impact extensively on relationships with family and friends. Avoiding depression and maintaining strong attachments to those you are closest to will improve your overall quality of life. The relationship between a husband and wife is unique. A successful marriage will encompass not only friendship, but also attraction to one another. Breast cancer can affect this relationship in many ways, and this article strives to explore some of the reasons why, from both a physical and an emotional perspective. **Fertility/pregnancy** Many cases of breast cancer occur after the age of 50, when for most women their child-bearing days are over, but this is not always the case. Some women are diagnosed younger, and in these cases it is important to consider the impact any treatment might have on current family plans and future fertility. Not all treatment [causes](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/causes-of-female-infertility-environmental-lifestyle-factors/) [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/) and there are preservation techniques, such as egg harvesting that can be implemented if loss of fertility is a concern. Discussing future family plans with your husband might not be something you anticipated having to do, particularly if you are young, but regaining some control is an essential part of coming to terms with your diagnosis. It is advisable not to fall pregnant [during breast cancer treatment](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/taking-care-of-your-teeth-during-breast-cancer-treatment/), or even in the two years following. This is not only because the drugs you will be given might be harmful to the baby, but also because your body will need time to recover, even when treatment is over. Whilst this may be difficult to accept and waiting might be frustrating, view it as special time spent with your husband, to further develop the relationship that the two of you have. **Surgery** Most women with breast cancer undergo surgery. Sometimes this will involve removing the part of the breast containing the tumour (lumpectomy), this is known as breast-conservation surgery; other times the whole breast might need to be removed (mastectomy), in this case all breast tissue, including lobules, ducts, areola and nipple, is removed. To prevent future relapse, some women opt to remove both breasts at the same time. Dealing with any of these surgeries, where body shape is altered, can be a challenge. When even looking at yourself in a mirror is difficult, revealing your surgical scars and new body shape to your husband can feel overwhelming. The [Breast Cancer Care Organisation](https://www.breastcancercare.org.uk/) reveals that many of the calls to their helpline come from women who have undergone breast cancer surgery. These women describe a lack of confidence, low self-esteem, and embarrassment when it comes to removing their clothes, as well as a fear of rejection. This is a huge burden to carry alone, so it is advisable to talk through your feelings with your husband. Allow him to reassure you that despite the changes in your body shape, you are still the same person. If you want him by your side the first time you look in a mirror, tell him so. Over time any swelling will subside and scars will fade, and with the option of advanced breast reconstruction and very realistic prosthetics, you will hopefully reach a stage, emotionally, where you can be happy with your shape again. **[Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) side effects** At a time when you may already be dealing with low self-esteem, [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) can cause a range of side effects that impact your confidence further. The very properties of chemotherapeutic agents that make them excellent at killing cancer cells, unfortunately also renders other cells in the body vulnerable to damage. Hair loss and weight gain are frequent side effects. Worrying that your husband will no longer find you attractive is a major emotional and psychological hurdle to overcome. If, following hair loss, your scalp becomes sensitive, itchy and uncomfortable, consider using a product such as the [Ozalys Soothing Care Soft Scalp Milk](../). Alleviating the physical discomfort that [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) can cause, should help you feel better equipped to deal with the emotional impact. **Low sex drive** With so much else to deal with, it is hardly surprising that following a breast cancer diagnosis a woman’s libido suffers. Dealing with stress, anxiety, extreme fatigue, body confidence issues and unwanted changes in appearance is a lot for anyone to deal with, and a loss of interest in sex is hardly surprising. An understanding partner will respect this and offer support in other ways. Perhaps you will still want the affection of a kiss or a cuddle, or the practical support of driving you to places, or taking you shopping for new clothes. In most cases once treatment ceases, libido returns to normal. **Menopausal symptoms** Some breast cancer treatments that are hormonally-based can result in [early](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/effects-of-menopause-on-the-body/) [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). This can affect your relationship with your husband on both an emotional and physical level. Emotionally, the [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) can cause anxiety, depression and mood changes; and when you have to deal with premature [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/), these feelings are likely to be exacerbated further. Physically, some of the typical symptoms of the [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/), including [hot flushes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hot-flushes/), memory lapses and sleep problems, can impact the lives of those you live with. For women undergoing treatment for breast cancer many of the above issues are interlinked. Post-surgical body changes in combination with either [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/)\-induced hair and skin changes and/or hormonal fluctuations, may be sufficient to cause low self-esteem. However,couple this with concerns about future fertility, and in some cases early [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/), and it becomes apparent how psychologically vulnerable a breast cancer patient is. Having breast cancer Relationship with your husband changes after breast cancer, but some of these changes might actually be for the better. Learning how to support each other through challenging periods, allowing him to comfort and love you when you are struggling to love yourself is paramount to getting through it. Allow yourself time to recover, emotionally and physically. You can rebuild your confidence, but take it a day at a time. Sometimes small steps are key; take the opportunity to buy new clothes that flatter your new body shape and do not aggravate your scars; apply specialist products to [painful dry skin](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-free-radicals-affect-the-skin/), to ensure it is fully moisturised (all of the [Ozalys products](../) come highly recommended), plan days out and experiences, so you can think about something other than your cancer diagnosis. Build up an impenetrable support network of your closest family and friends and involve your husband in all of the decisions that you make. **About Ozalys** Ozalys’ products have been designed with women who have been affected by cancer in mind. Ozalys allows women to continue to care for themselves every day using products that innovate through their formulas, optimal absorption and packaging. Ozalys’ specially-formulated solutions are catered for physiological conditions that cause dermal sensitivity, or for the side effects of certain treatments that may result in olfactory and dermal ultra-sensitivity. Ozalys’ personal hygiene, face and body care products have all been developed with the utmost care, minimising preservatives and excluding all substances suspected of being harmful to the body. Their highly soothing, moisturising and protective properties, as well as their delicate application and scent, turn daily beauty routines into moments of well-being and comfort. **Sources:** * Hsiao, F H, et al. “The Changes of Quality of Life and Their Correlations with Psychosocial Factors Following Surgery among Women with Breast Cancer from the Post-Surgery to Post-Treatment Survivorship.” _Breast_, vol. 44, 4 Jan. 2019, pp. 59–65., doi:10.1016/j.breast.2018.12.011. * _Living with Breast Cancer in Women_. NHS, [www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer/living-with/](http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer/living-with/). Updated 26/09/2016. * _Living with Breast Cancer_. Cancer Research UK, [www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/living-with](http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/living-with). Last reviewed: 29/12/2017 * _Coping with a Low Sex Drive_. Cancer Research UK, [https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/physically/sex/men/low-sex-drive](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/physically/sex/men/low-sex-drive). Last reviewed: 2/8/2018. * _Breast Cancer in Women_. Healthtalk.org, [www.healthtalk.org/Cancer/Breast\_Cancer/Topic/1547/](http://www.healthtalk.org/Cancer/Breast_Cancer/Topic/1547/). Last updated: August 2018. * _Breast Cancer_. Mayo Cinic, [www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352475](http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352475). Reviewed: 10/1/2019. * _Young, Single and Facing Body Image Doubts Because of Breast Cancer_. Breast Cancer Care, 16 Feb. 2015, [www.breastcancercare.org.uk/about-us/news-personal-stories/young-single-facing-body-image-doubts-because-breast-cancer](http://www.breastcancercare.org.uk/about-us/news-personal-stories/young-single-facing-body-image-doubts-because-breast-cancer).
Living with cancer is not just about dealing with the physical symptoms of the disease and its treatment, it is about ensuring you look after your emotional health too. [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) and [radiotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/radiotherapy/) can be very taxing, and the associated pain and fatigue are a real test of a patient’s mental well-being. For many patients, one of the biggest emotional challenges they face is coping with unwanted changes to their physical appearance. [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) kills cancer cells, but in doing so, renders the skin, hair and body highly susceptible to damage. This is because chemotherapeutic agents target cells that are undergoing active DNA replication. Cancer cells fall into this category, but, unfortunately, so too do cells with a high turnover, such as [hair cells, skin cells](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/getting-started-with-nabta-health-your-101-guide-to-skin-and-hair/) and cells within the gut. As a result of this, hair loss, weight change and [skin sensitivity](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/conditions-that-cause-dry-skin/) are some of the most frequently observed, yet difficult to manage, side effects of [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/). This article will focus on how [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) can affect the skin, concisely explaining what to expect and how best to manage it. **1 How does [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) affect the skin?** Human skin is made up of cells, which have a rapid turnover rate; they are constantly being shed and replaced. This happens because these highly specialised cells are constantly dividing. Unfortunately, this property of rapid regeneration, or active division, makes these cells particularly vulnerable to the damaging effects of [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/). Not only that, [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) also compromises the protective function of the skin barrier. The growth and migration of the keratinocytes (skin cells) is disrupted and the immune cells that penetrate the skin, protecting against environmental insults, no longer work effectively. Following treatment with some agents there is also an allergy-type reaction, which appears to be due to an inflammatory response, however, the exact mechanism behind this remains unclear. In combination these effects cause increased skin fragility and dehydration. Not all chemotherapies have dermal side-effects, and this depends on the type and duration of treatment. However,but some of the most common skin-related side effects of [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) are: _1.1 Dry skin:_ The inefficient replacement of cells at the skin’s surface, means that the body’s own naturally occurring skin barrier is compromised. The skin becomes thin, dry and inflamed, and highly susceptible to damage by external irritants. Sensory nerves, which lie immediately below the surface of the skin, are more easily aggravated, causing itchiness and there is a general feeling of discomfort and tightness. _1.2 Sun sensitivity:_ The breakdown of the [protective skin](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/getting-started-with-nabta-health-your-101-guide-to-skin-and-hair/) barrier also means that skin becomes more sensitive to the sun’s damaging UV rays and, as such, extra precautions should be taken to prevent damage. This increased sensitivity will last beyond completion of any [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/), so it is important to continue to take extra care for the months that follow. _1.3 Rash:_ Rashes, blisters, skin discolouration and skin peeling are all unwanted side effects of current cancer treatments. Over 50% of patients who are prescribed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors (which are exceptionally effective chemotherapeutics) will experience an acne-like rash over their face, body and upper limbs. As well as being unsightly, these rashes may cause an itching or burning sensation, which is exasperated due to the skin’s heightened sensitivity. Patients also frequently report redness and soreness at injection sites and experience a pattern of [hyperpigmentation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hyperpigmentation/), following the underlying vein network. _1.4 Hand-foot syndrome:_ The skin on the palms of the hands and the underside of the feet becomes particularly susceptible to damage. Patients report erythema (redness) and swelling, as well as numbness and paraesthesia. The latter two symptoms are probably due to damage of the underlying nerve fibres. _1.5 Nail changes:_ [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) frequently causes nail problems. Sometimes the nails develop ridges, or white marks, other times they become very dry and brittle, breaking easily. In severe cases the nail may lift up from the nailbed, exposing the highly sensitive skin beneath. Even when treatment is complete, patients are at increased risk of developing a skin infection called paronychia around their fingernails and toenails. The defective skin barrier around the nail bed provides insufficient protection against infectious agents (bacterial or fungal). Symptoms include pain, swelling, pus and thick, discoloured nails. **2 How big an impact do these skin changes have on day to day life?** Unfortunately, [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/)\-induced changes to the skin can have quite a detrimental effect on a patient’s mental wellbeing. Whilst not all patients will experience severe dermal side effects that affect their quality of life, for those that do, it is yet another burden to deal with, at a time when they may already be emotionally and physically vulnerable The lack of control many cancer patients experience, combined with feeling self-conscious about how they look, is not conducive to having a positive mental attitude. This is why it is so important for a patient to do what they can to alleviate these changes; to not only bring relief from the physical symptoms, but also to put themselves in a better place emotionally to overcome the challenge of [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/). Whilst various studies have investigated the negative impact that rashes in particular, have on quality of life, there is a surprising upside to their presence. Those patients who do develop a rash following treatment with EGFR inhibitors have an improved survival rate. Thus, the development of a rash appears to serve as a marker of a positive response to therapy. **3 What measures can be taken to minimise [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/)\-induced skin changes?** Most patients who undergo [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) will experience side effects, some of which will affect the health and appearance of their skin and nails. Currently, many of these side effects are inevitable due to the action of the chemotherapeutics. However, there are steps that can be taken to manage the side effects, with a view to improving overall quality of life. _3.1 Moisturise._ Use a humectant-rich moisturiser that contains Aquacacteen. It will provide care and nourishment for dry, painful skin and reduce the severity of skin [inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/). If hand-foot syndrome is a particular problem, use our [Cancer pack](https://nabtahealth.com/product/cancer-care/) to provide soothing relief. _3.2 Sun protection._ Avoid prolonged exposure to the sun. Wear a sunscreen that is designed for sensitive skin with an SPF of at least 30. Sunscreens containing [natural plant oils](../spf-properties-of-natural-oils) are particularly effective. Use lip balms (SPF 30 and above) to protect the lips, and wear protective clothing. _3.3 Comfortable clothing._ Wear comfortable shoes and clothing, avoid anything too tight. Loose fitting clothes are less likely to irritate sensitive skin. _3.4 Look after your hands and nails._ Use a hand cream that contains Pro vitamin-B5 as this will fortify your nails. Moisturise the cuticles and minimise infection risk by avoiding false nails for the duration of the treatment. Periungual [inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/) has been shown to impact severely on a patient’s well-being. A simple, yet effective, way to combat this is to undergo manicures and apply coloured nail varnish. _3.5 Choose the right skincare products._ Avoid using products that contain irritants or harsh chemicals as these might further aggravate dry, painful skin. Use a skincare brand that is designed for use on sensitive skin. The best products will provide nourishment and soothing relief, without exasperating the problems. We have cancer packs for [women](https://nabtahealth.com/product/cancer-pamper-me-%e2%99%80/) and even [men](https://nabtahealth.com/product/cancer-pamper-me-%e2%99%82/) try them out. The most important thing is to talk through any concerns you have with your care providers. If you are worried about anything, feeling uncomfortable, or suffering from social isolation, seek advice. Providing relief from some of the side effects of [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) is a hugely important part of your treatment plan. **Sources:** * Fabbrocini, G, et al. “[Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) and Skin Reactions.” _Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research_, vol. 31, no. 1, 28 May 2012, p. 50., doi:10.1186/1756-9966-31-50. * Jatoi, A, et al. “Tetracycline to Prevent Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor-Induced Skin Rashes: Results of a Placebo-Controlled Trial from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (N03CB).” _Cancer_, vol. 113, no. 4, 15 Aug. 2008, pp. 847–853., doi:10.1002/cncr.23621. * Lee, J, et al. “The Impact of Skin Problems on the Quality of Life in Patients Treated with Anticancer Agents: A Cross-Sectional Study.” _Cancer Research and Treatment_, vol. 50, no. 4, Oct. 2018, pp. 1186–1193., doi:10.4143/crt.2017.435. * Sibaud, V, et al. “Dermatological Adverse Events with Taxane [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/).” _European Journal of Dermatology_, vol. 26, no. 5, 1 Oct. 2016, pp. 427–443., doi:10.1684/ejd.2016.2833. * Wacker, B, et al. “Correlation between Development of Rash and Efficacy in Patients Treated with the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Erlotinib in Two Large Phase III Studies.” _Clinical Cancer Research_, vol. 13, no. 13, 1 July 2007, pp. 3913–3921., doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2610. * “Side Effects: [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/).” NHS, 22 Feb. 2017, [www.nhs.uk/conditions/](http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chemotherapy/side-effects/)[chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/)/side-effects/. * “Skin and Nail Changes.” MD Anderson Cancer Center, [www.mdanderson.org/patients-family/diagnosis-treatment/emotional-physical-effects/skin-nail-changes.html](http://www.mdanderson.org/patients-family/diagnosis-treatment/emotional-physical-effects/skin-nail-changes.html).
Free radicals are produced by the body and are found pretty much everywhere. Like many things in life they are fine in moderation. In fact, they can play a protective role, helping the body to respond to stress and protecting against harmful [microbes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/microbes/). They also play a role in the breakdown of polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, too many of them can rapidly have a detrimental effect, triggering oxidative stress and rendering the body unable to counteract the harmful effects caused by their presence. This is because they are unstable molecules which lack an electrode and, thus, they exist in a perpetual state of attempting to ‘fill the gap’. #### How does the body counteract the potentially damaging effects of free radicals? During normal cellular [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/), in addition to this, the cells of the body produce antioxidants. These are also present in the foods we eat and, often, in the products we apply as part of our daily skincare routine. The great thing about antioxidants is that they are stable and can donate electrons. This neutralises the circulating free radicals, reducing their capacity to cause damage. #### What happens if the balance between free radicals and antioxidants is disrupted? Most free radical-induced damage occurs when the balance between their production and the availability of antioxidants is disrupted. If there is an excess of unstable it that cannot be neutralised, they will end up oxidising the DNA and proteins of otherwise healthy cells, causing oxidative stress and predisposing the cells to further damage. The imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants puts the body into a stressed state and, as a result, more free radicals are produced. This renders more cells vulnerable to oxidative stress and can ultimately compromise normal cellular activity. #### Where do free radicals come from? Free radicals are endogenously produced by the body, but they are also induced by pollution, sunlight and smoking. Other triggers include ionising radiation and toxic chemicals (including chemotherapeutic agents). Unfortunately, cancer cells also produce high numbers of free radicals. This puts cancer patients at particular risk of suffering from the detrimental effects of excess free radicals, as not only are their bodies producing more, but their treatment is likely to be exacerbating this effect. There is no direct evidence that antioxidants are anti-carcinogenic; however, they do seem to alleviate some of the symptoms of excess free radical accumulation. #### Free radicals and the skin One of the most visible signs of free radical-induced damage is premature aging of the skin, as well as [inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/) and irritation. [Dry, painful skin](../skin-changes-after-chemotherapy) is very frequently observed as a side-effect of cancer treatment. The antioxidants produced naturally by the body do help to combat these effects, however levels decline with age, leaving the body’s cells and DNA vulnerable to damage. Many of the skincare products in use today contain antioxidants to supplement the body’s natural supplies. In fact, ‘antioxidant’ has become something of a buzz word within the beauty industry, with many companies now choosing to include antioxidants not only in their formulations, but also in their marketing campaigns. An ideal antioxidant supplement will not only restore health and combat the aging effects of too many free radicals, but will also indirectly retain skin moisture and elasticity by reducing collagen degradation caused by free-radicals in the tissues. Some of the most frequently used antioxidants in beauty products are vitamin C, [retinol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/retinol/) ([vitamin A](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-a/)), [vitamin E](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-e/), resveratrol, coenzymeQ10 and glutathione. [Vitamin E](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-e/) is found in abundance in natural plant-based oils. Try using the [treat pack](https://nabtahealth.com/product/treat-yourself-selfcare-pack/) and the [clean on-the-go pack](https://nabtahealth.com/product/clean-beauty-on-the-go-pack/), incase of dry skin. **Sources:** * Dröge, W. “Free Radicals in the Physiological Control of Cell Function.” _Physiological Reviews_, vol. 82, no. 1, Jan. 2002, pp. 47–95., doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2001. * Petersen, R C, et al. “Advancements in Free-Radical Pathologies and an Important Treatment Solution with a Free-Radical Inhibitor.” _SF Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering_, vol. 1, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1003. * Tafani, M, et al. “The Interplay of Reactive Oxygen Species, Hypoxia, [Inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/), and Sirtuins in Cancer Initiation and Progression.” _Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity_, 2016, doi:10.1155/2016/3907147.
 **[Perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/)** is a natural process in a woman’s life caused by a normal biological decline in reproductive hormones. [Perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) onset varies from woman to woman and can take place at any stage from a woman’s mid-30s (premature [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)) into her late 50s. Also known as the ‘[menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) transition’, [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) lasts between three and 10 years. The average length of [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) is 4-5 years, and the average age of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) is 51 years. **[Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)** marks the end of [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/), when a woman has gone a full 12 months without menstruating. After a year of no menstrual periods a woman is considered to have gone through [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) to her post-menopausal phase. **Induced [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)** is when a woman’s menstrual periods stop due to medical treatments or intervention. [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) or radiation damage to the [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/), and surgical removal of the [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/) result in medically induced [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). **[Postmenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/postmenopause/)** is the ongoing phase of a woman’s life after [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). It’s important to note that many women continue to experience the classic [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) symptoms for years after their ‘official’ [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). #### What happens to a woman’s body when she is perimenopausal? The hormones that flooded a woman’s body during [puberty](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/puberty/) and her fertile years start to fluctuate due to the decline in the female reproductive hormones (estrogen and [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/)) produced by her [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/). These hormonal deficiencies [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to many physical changes taking place in a woman’s body long before her ‘official’ [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). #### What are the symptoms of [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)? * Hot flashes / flushes * Night sweats * Vaginal dryness * Irregular periods * Hair loss * Weight gain and slowed [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) * Itchy or dry skin * Disturbed sleep * Urinary incontinence * Mood swings and anxiety * Brain fog or memory loss * Low libido The physical changes and symptoms women experience due to the reduction in hormones can be debilitating. #### What are the long-term health risks of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)? Long-term hormone deficiency increases women’s risk of chronic health conditions including cardiovascular disease, [osteoporosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/osteoporosis/), type 2 diabetes, dementia, and bowel cancer. #### How is [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) diagnosed? A doctor will assess symptoms and may recommend a blood test to check follicle-stimulating hormone ([FSH](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fsh/)) and estrogen levels. As hormones fluctuate during [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) the test may be repeated after a few months if the results are inconclusive. Women who want to confirm their symptoms can also take a [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) test measuring the levels of three hormones [from the comfort of their home](https://nabtahealth.com/product/perimenopause-test/). However, a hormone test isn’t always necessary, and some doctors will diagnose [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) based on physical symptoms. #### Can [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) be treated? [Perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) are natural biological processes in a woman’s body and cannot be delayed or halted with treatment. That said, a healthcare professional may discuss Hormone Replacement Therapy ([HRT](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hrt/)) and lifestyle adjustments to help manage the physical impacts of hormone deficiency. #### What is [HRT](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hrt/)? [HRT](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hrt/) replaces the hormones the body is no longer producing. The hormone treatment includes estrogen, and sometimes [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) and [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) if needed, and is given as a skin patch, gel, spray, or pill. Most women report their [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) symptoms improving within 3-6 months of starting [HRT](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hrt/). Taking [HRT](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hrt/) reduces the risk of developing [osteoporosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/osteoporosis/), cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, bowel cancer, osteoarthritis, and other health conditions due to hormone deficiency. There are risks associated with [HRT](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hrt/), including a small increased risk of breast cancer and blood clots in women with a family history. However, research has shown that for most women who take [HRT](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hrt/) the benefits outweigh the risks. A woman should always have a conversation with her healthcare team to decide the best approach for her individual circumstances. #### Are there natural ways to reduce the symptoms of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)? Lifestyle adjustments can also be beneficial in managing perimenopausal symptoms. Women should try to eat a balanced diet with plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, protein, whole foods, and foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids and calcium. Phytoestrogens can mimic the effects of estrogen in the body and occur naturally in foods including flaxseeds, sesame seeds, beans, soy, garlic, and cruciferous vegetables. Stop smoking and cut back on foods that might disturb sleep or trigger hot flashes, such as caffeine and alcohol. And exercise is essential. The decline in hormones affects bone and joint health, so it is more important than ever to maintain strength and flexibility with regular cardio and weight bearing exercise. As a woman’s [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) naturally changes with age, exercise will also help with weight control. #### Can I still become pregnant during [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/)? While you are still having your period you can become pregnant. If you don’t want to be pregnant you should continue to use contraceptives until you are postmenopausal. #### Understanding [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) Health organisations and governments are increasingly recognising the gaps in knowledge and understanding of [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) and its enormous impact on women’s health and wellbeing. Efforts are now being made to address gender inequalities in broader healthcare provision and rebalance the lack of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) research. The last few years have seen investment in improving education around [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) with the goal of empowering the more than 50% of the world’s population who will go through [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) with evidence-based therapeutic support. Sources: Internal > [What is](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-you-need-to-know-about-perimenopause/) [Perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/)? External: > [](https://www.balance-menopause.com/menopause-library/)[Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) Library https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/[menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397 https://flo.health/menstrual-cycle/[menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)/changes/[menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)\-symptoms-and-stages
 Men have a well-deserved reputation for avoiding the doctor and ignoring unusual symptoms. Sometimes until it’s too late. Unfortunately, it can often take a health scare to get a man in front of a doctor. This is despite men being just as likely to be affected by chronic diseases, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, kidney disease, stroke, dementia as women. And there are more unique health conditions such as prostate cancer, erectile dysfunction, and the andropause. #### Habits for a healthy lifestyle Men can protect health, wellbeing, and lifespan by avoiding damaging behaviours and focusing on positive lifestyle actions: * **Exercise** regularly: A combination of cardiovascular exercise and strength training for 30 to 45 minutes at least 3 to 4 times a week. * **Eat well**: Eat a nutritionally balanced diet. Follow a diet low in fat, with a balanced mix of fruit, vegetables, fibre, protein, lean meats and fish, and complex carbohydrates. Limit processed foods and refined sugars. * **Drink water**: Stay hydrated. * **Avoid** excessive **weight gain or loss.** * **Don’t smoke**. **Limit alcohol** intake. **Avoid drugs.** * Reduce stress: Get outside. Change your environment. Take a break. * Get some **sleep**: Aim for a minimum seven hours’ beauty sleep each night. * Go for **routine health checks** and screenings. #### Essential screening tests for men Routine health check-ups and health screening tests (even without pre-existing medical conditions or symptoms) are designed to spot early signs of health problems before they become an issue. Heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease and dementia all have early warning markers and can significantly compromise quality of life if not picked up early. Health checks recommended for all adult men include: * Dental: Get your teeth checked yearly at the minimum. * Skin cancer: Check moles and skin lesions every few months. See a doctor every two years for a full body check. * Heart health, blood pressure and [cholesterol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cholesterol/): High [cholesterol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cholesterol/) and elevated blood pressure ([hypertension](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypertension/)) can increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. * Testicular cancer: Monthly self-examinations are recommended after [puberty](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/puberty/). See a doctor for a full examination as soon as you notice a lump or any changes. Further screening tests are recommended for men over 50 years: * Prostate cancer: Accounts for high numbers of cancer deaths in older men. Screening includes a PSA (prostate specific antigen) test and DRE (digital rectal examination). * Bowel cancer: Another leading cause of death in older men. Go for a faecal occult blood test every two years. * Hearing and eyesight: Hearing loss and eyesight problems become more common after 50 and can affect quality of life. * Diabetes type 2: Depending on the level of risk a fasting blood sugar test will be recommended every 1 to 3 years. * Dementia: Screening for cognitive impairment is typically included in an annual health check for all adults from 65 years. * Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA): Affects more men than women. Males over 65 are offered regular screenings. Doctors decide whether to screen earlier based on medical and family history. #### What affects male fertility? Male fertility problems can be caused by low [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) count, poor quality [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/), or blockages preventing [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) moving through the reproductive tract. [Sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) can be vulnerable to lifestyle and environmental factors including raised body temperature, weight gain, exposure to toxins, smoking, heavy alcohol intake and drug use. Fertility specialists may recommend blood work to check hormone levels and scan for certain infections or a possible genetic cause for [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/). A doctor may request a [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) sample to assess [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) count, shape and movement, and a scrotal ultrasound to check if there are any problems or blockages in the testicles preventing [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) getting into a man’s ejaculate. #### What is the male [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)? Men also experience age-related hormonal decline. The ‘male [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)’ is more a gradual flattening out in [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) and other hormone levels over a number of years, than the dramatic cliff-plunge of female reproductive hormones during [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Also called the andropause, age-related low [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/), or late-onset hypogonadism, this period of a man’s life is sometimes described as the ‘midlife crisis’. Still, it brings associated physical and emotional health problems for men in their late 40s and into their 50s: * Low moods and depression * Low libido * Erectile dysfunction * Fatigue and low energy levels * Hot flashes or flushes and increased sweating * Loss of muscle mass * Increase in body fat * Dry skin The symptoms of low [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) can have a very real impact on everyday life. If you are concerned, speak to a healthcare professional who will assess your symptoms and may recommend hormone levels testing and possible treatment options. [Testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) therapy has its pros and cons, and your doctor will want to weigh up options with you. For any men still reluctant to go to the doctor, at-home [men’s health](https://nabtahealth.com/product/mens-health-test/) and [](https://nabtahealth.com/product/testosterone-test/)[testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) tests offer convenient and private testing options. #### Getting started with Men’s Health and Nabta Health [Nabta’s marketplace](https://nabtahealth.com/shop/collections/type/mens-health/) features products to support men wherever they are in their health journeys. At-home [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) level and men’s health tests allow men to screen essential hormone levels in the comfort and privacy of home. While wellness and pampering packages are designed to provide men with that well-deserved lifestyle boost.
[Cancer](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/myth-or-fact-cancer-is-nothing-more-than-a-vitamin-b17-deficiency/) and its treatment can have quite a drastic effect on all aspects of life; from physical strength, to emotional wellbeing. Some side effects are well known, such as nausea, tiredness and hair loss; others are less widely documented, such as dry, painful skin and weakened nails. For a detailed review on the effects that [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) can have on the skin, click [here](../skin-changes-after-chemotherapy). With all these changes happening, it is easy to forget the importance of following a good skincare routine. Looking after your face and body will not only help you to feel better emotionally, but can actually provide symptomatic relief and, with the right products, complement your treatment regime. In this article we will look at those areas of the body that need some extra care and attention following [cancer treatment](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/myth-or-fact-cancer-is-nothing-more-than-a-vitamin-b17-deficiency/); we will discuss what ingredients to look for in beauty products and offer some tips on how to improve your emotional wellbeing as well as easing physical discomfort. **The scalp** Hair loss is one of the better known (and most dreaded) side effects of [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) treatment. Not everyone who undergoes treatment will lose their hair and, for those that do, it may be patchy, or thinning, rather than complete loss. The extent of loss will depend on the specific drugs used, dosage and individual susceptibility. For example, approximately 60% of those with breast cancer who are treated with taxanes, will experience hair loss or thinning; however [platinum](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/platinum/)\-containing drugs, including carboplatin and cisplatin, rarely cause hair loss. Hair loss can be restricted to the scalp, or can include body hair, eyelashes and eyebrows. Prior to commencing treatment, discuss the likely side effects with a healthcare professional. If hair loss is predicted, consider cutting your hair shorter before treatment starts so that you can get used to shorter hair. Use a shampoo with gentle detangling properties, to avoid having to vigorously brush weakened hair. Consider whether you would prefer to wear wigs, hats or scarves, and turn shopping for these into a bonding experience that you can undertake with your husband or a close friend. If you are happy to leave your head uncovered do so, but take care to protect the delicate skin of the scalp from the elements. Use sunscreens rich in [natural oils](../spf-properties-of-natural-oils) to protect against harmful UV rays. The [Cancer Pack](https://nabtahealth.com/product/cancer-care/) not only provides nourishment to the scalp through its cocktail of moisturising ingredients, it also contains [Pro-vitamin B5](../how-panthenol-can-improve-the-health-of-your-hair), which seems to mitigate the effects of thinning hair. #### Scalp cooling Scalp cooling has been used by some patients to reduce the extent of hair loss. A cool cap is applied to the head, chilling the area and reducing blood flow, meaning that less drug reaches the hair follicles. This technique cannot be used for all cancer types. Fortunately, most cases of [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/)\-induced hair loss are temporary and once treatment ceases, hair will grow back. Whilst your hair grows back, continue to use products that encourage healthy growth and strength, so that the new hair is in optimal condition. **The skin** [Dry skin](../breaking-down-chemotherapy) is a very common side effect of a lot of [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) drugs. Pre-existing conditions such as psoriasis and [atopic dermatitis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/atopic-dermatitis/) may be exacerbated by a weakening of the skin’s naturally occurring protective layer and even patients who have never suffered from sensitive skin before may become more vulnerable to dry, itchy skin. Cancer killing drugs work by attacking those cells in the body that are rapidly dividing; this rapid division is a fundamental property of cancer cells; however, other cells, including those that form the outer layer of the skin, also divide rapidly and thus are susceptible to the damaging effects of [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/). Using products that are [humectant-rich](../what-is-a-humectant-and-why-is-it-essential-for-cosmetics) can bring soothing relief to dry, uncomfortable skin because they help to retain moisture in addition to providing a temporary barrier against environmental irritants. As well as selecting the right skincare products, choose loose fitting, cotton clothing that is less likely to aggravate your skin. Avoid harsh detergents or fabric conditioners, which are known to trigger flare ups in those with sensitive skin. Take care when out in the sun as some chemotherapeutics can cause the skin to become particularly vulnerable to UV damage. **Nails** 80% of people who receive taxane-based [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) will experience detrimental nail changes. These changes can affect the nail matrix, the nail bed and/or the surrounding tissue of the nail, causing differences in the colour, the shape and the strength of the nails. Most frequently, nails become brittle, thin and develop ridges. Beau’s lines are a form of ridge that run side to side across the nail, forming deep grooved lines. They occur when normal matrix proliferation is interrupted, as happens during [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) cycles. Oncholysis occurs when there is detachment of the nail from the nail bed; it often leads to haematomas and abscesses forming under the fingernails and toenails. If severe, oncholysis can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to loss of the nail. Unfortunately the skin cells that make up the nail bed are prone to keratinisation (cornification) and scaling (subungal hyperkeratosis), so if nail loss does occur, care should be taken to ensure reattachment and regrowth, otherwise the damage may be irreparable. The skin around the nails is at increased risk of becoming infected even when treatment is complete. This type of infection is known as paronychia and it causes pain, swelling, discharge and discoloured nails. Antibiotic treatment may be necessary to prevent symptoms from worsening. #### Learn more… The extent and severity of nail changes following [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) can be reduced with cold therapy. Studies have found that when worn during treatment, frozen gloves and socks reduce the number of detrimental nail changes by between 80% (fingernails) and 100% (toenails). One way of ensuring the long-term health of the nails during treatment and beyond, is to follow a careful nail care routine. Avoid harsh chemicals, including those used during a lot of manicures. Instead apply protective varnish and wear cotton gloves as required. Use emollient-rich moisturisers to prevent the skin around the nails from becoming dry and sore. Use a product such as the [Cancer Pack](https://nabtahealth.com/product/cancer-care/) which contains pro-Vitamin B5 to strengthen and fortify the nails. Keep nails short and neat and try not to bite them. **Hands and feet** During [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) many patients develop hand-foot syndrome, also known as Palmar–plantar erythrodysesthesia. The symptoms can range from a tingling sensation in the fingers, palms and soles, to burning pain and blisters. It is not fully understood why it occurs following treatment, but it is likely that the skin cells are undergoing a [cytotoxic](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cytotoxic/) reaction in response to the [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/). Prior to commencing treatment it may be worth taking [prophylactic](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/prophylactic/) steps to enhance the skin barrier, using a high-quality moisturiser, such as the [Cancer Selfcare Pack](https://nabtahealth.com/product/cancer-pamper-me-%e2%99%80/). This cream can then be used throughout treatment. Cold therapy has also been shown to be effective at alleviating some of the ill effects. Avoiding harsh chemicals is essential, but gentle foot massages with natural oils may provide some much needed respite. #### [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) is an amazing tool for doctors to have at their disposal; current drugs are capable of extending survival, shrinking tumours, preventing [metastasis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metastasis/) and enabling people to live a life post-cancer. However, the impact that cancer and its treatment can have on a person’s quality of life should not be under-estimated. Whether it is the psychological effects caused by a change in appearance, or the physical burden of persistent itching; these factors need to be taken into account. Each person is different; how they respond, both emotionally and physically, to treatment will vary on an individual basis, as will the severity of side effects. Finding ways of coping with those elements of the treatment that are most unpleasant is fundamental to persevering with [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/). **Sources:** * Gunnars, B, et al. “Assessment of Quality of Life During [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/).” _Acta Oncologica_, vol. 40, no. 2-3, 2001, pp. 175–184., doi:10.1080/02841860121325. * Scotté, F, et al. “Matched Case-Control Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Use of a Frozen Sock to Prevent Docetaxel-Induced Onycholysis and Cutaneous Toxicity of the Foot.” _Cancer_, vol. 112, no. 7, 1 Apr. 2008, pp. 1625–1631, doi:10.1002/cncr.23333. * Scotté, F, et al. “Multicenter Study of a Frozen Glove to Prevent Docetaxel-Induced Onycholysis and Cutaneous Toxicity of the Hand.” _Journal of Clinical Oncology_, vol. 23, no. 19, 1 July 2005, pp. 4424–4429., doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.15.651. * Sibaud, V, et al. “Dermatological Adverse Events with Taxane [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/).” _European Journal of Dermatology_, vol. 26, no. 5, 1 Oct. 2016, pp. 427–443., doi:10.1684/ejd.2016.2833. * Sibaud, V, et al. “HFS-14, a Specific Quality of Life Scale Developed for Patients Suffering from Hand–Foot Syndrome.” _Oncologist_, vol. 16, no. 10, Oct. 2011, pp. 1469–1478., doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0033. * Spaich, S, et al. “Patient Preferences Regarding [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) in Metastatic Breast Cancer-A Conjoint Analysis for Common Taxanes.” _Frontiers in Oncology_, vol. 8, 21 Nov. 2018, p. 535., doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00535. * Young, A, and A Arif. “The Use of Scalp Cooling for [Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/)\-Induced Hair Loss.” _British Journal of Nursing_, vol. 25, no. 10, 2016, pp. S24–S27., doi:10.12968/bjon.2016.25.10.S22. * “Hair Loss, Hair Thinning and Cancer Drugs.” _Cancer Research UK_, [www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/cancer-drugs/side-effects/hair-loss-and-thinning](http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/cancer-drugs/side-effects/hair-loss-and-thinning). Last reviewed: 13 Sep 2017.
Early-stage cervical cancer is challenging to identify in patients because symptoms are not usually obvious. In fact, by the time a woman realises that there is something wrong, she may already have advanced stage disease; and, as is the case with all cancers, the more advanced the cancer, the more difficult it is to treat. The ideal scenario is to identify precancerous changes in the cells of the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/). Precancerous cells can be removed and the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/) monitored closely, reducing the risk of cervical carcinoma. This is why it is so important for women to undergo [regular pap smears](https://nabtahealth.com/when-should-i-get-a-pap-smear/); it is estimated that 83% of deaths from cervical cancer could be prevented, if everyone who was eligible attended regular screening. However, not all women do attend screening and, even amongst those that do, there is the risk of abnormal cells developing in the time between smear tests. This highlights the need for women to be aware of their own bodies, able to identify subtle changes and seek medical advice if anything seems untoward. The main symptom of cervical cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding. However, this is a symptom with a range of possible aetiologies, many of which are harmless; and it can take time for a doctor to identify the cause, or causes, of any [abnormal bleeding](https://nabtahealth.com/what-is-abnormal-uterine-bleeding/). Bleeding after intercourse, between periods and after the [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) should all be investigated by a specialist. Other symptoms include, pain or discomfort during intercourse, unusual or unpleasant vaginal discharge and pain in the lower back or pelvic region. The vagueness of these symptoms is immediately apparent; as is the difficulty in identifying a particular gynaecological issue, when so many of them manifest in a very similar way. Once the cervical cancer spreads to other parts of the body it is termed advanced. Advanced cancer is more challenging to treat and has a worse prognosis. The symptoms of advanced cervical cancer depend on where in the body the cancer has spread to. Initially, the spread is likely to be localized, with metastatic cancer cells found most often in the kidneys, bladder and bowel. After this, the cancer can spread to other locations within the body. Some of the symptoms of advanced cervical cancer are: * Pain in the region of the kidneys * [Constipation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/constipation/) * Increased frequency of urination and/or defecation * Bowel or bladder incontinence * Blood in the urine * Swelling of the legs * Severe vaginal bleeding. With the development of [vaccinations against](https://nabtahealth.com/can-cervical-cancer-be-prevented/) [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/), which is the trigger for most cases of cervical cancer, it is hoped that global incidence rates of this type of cancer will continue to fall. Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). You can track your menstrual cycle and get [personalised support by using the Nabta app.](https://nabtahealth.com/our-platform/nabta-app/) Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0d746c61616c4d636c6f796c65686c617965236e6260) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources:** * “Cervical Cancer.” Symptoms | Cervical Cancer | Cancer Research UK, 25 May 2017, [https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cervical-cancer/symptoms](https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cervical-cancer/symptoms). * “Cervical Cancer – Symptoms and Signs.” Cancer.Net, 10 June 2019, [https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/cervical-cancer/symptoms-and-signs](https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/cervical-cancer/symptoms-and-signs). * “Cervical Cancer | Symptoms.” NHS Choices, NHS, [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cervical-cancer/symptoms/](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cervical-cancer/symptoms/). * Landy, Rebecca, et al. “Impact of Cervical Screening on Cervical Cancer Mortality: Estimation Using Stage-Specific Results from a Nested Case–Control Study.” British Journal of Cancer, vol. 115, no. 9, 25 Oct. 2016, pp. 1140–1146., doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.290.
* Human papillomavirus ([HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) * [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) can cause serious illness if left untreated. It usually shows no symptoms and often goes away by itself but there are various treatment options. * Certain strains of [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) can cause cervical cancer and other cancers. #### How common is [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)? The [US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)](https://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv.htm) lists [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) as the most common [STD](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/std/) globally. Many people will get at least one type of [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) in their life. As there are no obvious symptoms you may not even know you have it. You can have [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) for many years without it causing problems. #### How is [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) spread? [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) is transmitted through sexual contact. You can get it from vaginal, anal and oral sex, and from touching genitals with someone who is infected. You can get [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) from the first time you are sexually active. People with weaker immune systems are at greater risk of [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) infections. In many cases the infection will go away on its own. However, when a high-risk [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) infection lingers it becomes a ‘persistent’ [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) infection. #### What is the link between [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) and cervical cancer? There are more than 100 types of [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/), of which at least 14 are considered high-risk and cancer-causing, according to the [World Health Organisation (WHO)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-\(hpv\)-and-cervical-cancer). Persistent high-risk [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) infection can cause abnormal cells to develop on the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/) which may develop into cervical cancer or other [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)\-related cancers if left untreated. The [two](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-\(hpv\)-and-cervical-cancer) [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) types 16 and 18 cause 70% of cervical cancers and pre-cancerous cervical lesions. The [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) virus is also responsible for some less common cancers affecting women and men, including anal, vulval, vaginal, mouth and throat, and penile cancers. Low-risk [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) causes [genital warts](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/genital-warts/) and does not cause cancer. [Genital warts](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/genital-warts/) are very common and highly contagious. #### How to treat [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) There are various medications available that treat [genital warts](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/genital-warts/), eliminating them after ongoing treatment. These medications are applied directly to the lesion and can cause irritation and burning. Examples include: * **Salicylic acid.** Removes layers of the wart bit by bit. * **Imiquimod.** Boosts the immune system to help fight warts. * **Podofilox.** Destroys genital wart tissue. * **Trichloroacetic acid.** Burns off warts including [genital warts](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/genital-warts/). Warts can be removed by different methods including: * Freezing off with with liquid nitrogen (cryotherapy) * Burning off ([electrocautery](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/electrocautery/)) * Surgical removal #### **Treatment for [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) in the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/)** [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) or Pap tests are taken to identify if there are abnormal cells on the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/). If the test comes back with abnormal results, a gynecologist will perform a colposcopy where samples of the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/) are taken in a [biopsy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/biopsy/). These samples are tested for cancer. Any precancerous cells need to be removed either by cryosurgery, laser, surgical removal, loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). #### How to protect yourself against human papillomavirus [Cervical cancer is the 4th most common type of cancer among women globally.](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-\(hpv\)-and-cervical-cancer) While the NHS states you [“cannot fully protect yourself against](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/human-papilloma-virus-hpv/) [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)”, there are things that can help: * [Get vaccinated against](https://nabtahealth.com/can-cervical-cancer-be-prevented/) [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/). Vaccines that prevent against 9 [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) types, including types 6 and 11 which cause 90% of [genital warts](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/genital-warts/), are recommended by the WHO and are approved for use in many countries. It’s advisable to have the [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) vaccination as early as possible and definitely before sexual exposure. * Avoid genital contact with people whose sexual history you do not know. Prophylactics can help protect you but remember they don’t cover all the skin around your genitals, so you are not fully protected. * Get screened regularly. During cervical screening a sample of cells is taken and tested for [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) and any abnormal cell changes in the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/). [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) needs to be treated if it develops into [genital warts](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/genital-warts/) or if any abnormal cell changes are detected in the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/). Your doctor may recommend removal of the abnormal cells or pre-cancerous lesions to avoid the risk they might become cancerous if left untreated. This will be followed by another cervical screening within 6 months. If you have any concerns about [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) you should seek medical advice from your doctor or a sexual health clinic. \_\_\_ Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). You can track your menstrual cycle and get [personalised support by using the Nabta app.](https://nabtahealth.com/our-platform/nabta-app/) Get in touch if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources** CDC, “Genital [HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) Infection – Factsheet” [https://www.cdc.gov/](https://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv.htm)[std](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/std/)/[hpv](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)/stdfact-[hpv](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/).htm World Health Orrganization, “Human papillomavirus ([HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)) and cervical cancer” [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-(](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-\(hpv\)-and-cervical-cancer)[hpv](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/))-and-cervical-cancer Mayo Clinic, “[HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/) Infection” [](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355240)[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602)[hpv](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)\-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602 NHS, “Human papillomavirus ([HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/))” [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/human-papilloma-virus-](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/human-papilloma-virus-hpv/)[hpv](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)/
