Menstrual cups have gained popularity in recent years as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional menstrual products. Made of medical-grade silicone or latex, these reusable cups collect menstrual fluid rather than absorbing it, offering numerous benefits for those who choose to use them. If you’re new to menstrual cups and considering making the switch, this beginner’s guide will provide you with essential information to help you get started. #### What is a menstrual cup? A menstrual cup is a bell-shaped device designed to collect menstrual fluid. It is inserted into the [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/), where it forms a seal and collects the flow, holding much more liquid than a tampon or pad. The cup is reusable, offering a more sustainable option compared to disposable products. #### Advantages of menstrual cups: **Eco-friendly:** Menstrual cups reduce waste as they can last for several years with proper care. By using a cup, you can significantly decrease the number of disposable pads and tampons that end up in landfills. **Cost-effective:** Although menstrual cups have a higher upfront cost than disposable products, they are a long-term investment. Over time, using a menstrual cup can save you money since you won’t need to regularly purchase [pads or tampons](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-type-of-sanitary-product-is-right-for-me/). **Extended wear time:** Unlike pads and tampons, which typically require changing every few hours, menstrual cups can be worn for up to 12 hours, depending on your flow. This makes them convenient for overnight use and allows for uninterrupted activities during the day. **Lower risk of leaks and odor:** When inserted correctly, menstrual cups create a secure seal that reduces the risk of leaks. Additionally, since the fluid is collected rather than absorbed, menstrual cups do not cause the same odor issues that can arise with other products. **Health benefits:** Menstrual cups are made of hypoallergenic materials, making them suitable for people with sensitive skin or allergies. They also do not disrupt the natural pH balance of the [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/), reducing the risk of infections. #### How to use a menstrual cup: **Choosing the right cup:** Menstrual cups come in different sizes and shapes. Consider factors such as your age, flow, [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/) position, and whether you’ve given birth when selecting the appropriate cup. It may take some trial and error to find the perfect fit. **Sterilize the cup:** Before using a menstrual cup for the first time, sterilize it by boiling it in water for a few minutes. Ensure the cup is clean and dry before insertion. **Insertion:** Wash your hands thoroughly. Fold the cup using one of the various folding techniques available. Insert the cup into your [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/), aiming towards the base of the spine. The cup will unfold and create a seal against the vaginal walls. **Removal:** To remove the cup, wash your hands and find a comfortable position. Gently pinch the base of the cup to break the seal, then carefully pull it out. Empty the contents into the toilet, rinse the cup with water, and reinsert if desired. #### Caring for your menstrual cup: **Empty and clean the cup:** Depending on your flow, you may need to empty the cup every 4 to 12 hours. Rinse it with water or wipe it with unscented, mild soap. Sterilize the cup between cycles by boiling it for a few minutes. **Store properly:** Keep your menstrual cup in a breathable bag or container when not in use. Avoid storing it in an airtight or plastic container to prevent odor and bacterial growth. Menstrual cups offer a sustainable, [cost-effective](https://www.lizzom.com/collections/lizzom-products), and convenient alternative to traditional menstrual products. While there may be a learning curve when initially using them, many people find them comfortable and reliable once they get accustomed to the process. By following the tips and techniques outlined in this beginner’s guide, you’ll be well on your way to a more sustainable and hassle-free period experience.
Childbirth is a remarkable journey, and expectant parents have several options when it comes to deciding how and where they want to bring their baby into the world. One such option gaining popularity is water births. This method involves giving birth in a specially designed tub or pool filled with warm water. In this article, we will explore what [water birth](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/water-birth/) is, its potential benefits, and some important factors to consider. #### What is [Water Birth](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/water-birth/)? [Water Birth](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/water-birth/) refers to the process of giving birth in a birthing pool or tub filled with warm water. It can take place at home, in a birthing center, or even in a [hospital setting](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/are-home-births-safe/). During a [water birth](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/water-birth/), the expectant mother immerses herself in the water, allowing her body to relax and her muscles to ease tension. #### Benefits of [Water Birth](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/water-birth/): **Natural pain relief:** The warm water helps to relax the body and release [endorphins](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/endorphins/), which are natural pain-relieving hormones. Many women find that being in water during labor helps them manage their pain and discomfort. **Promotes relaxation:** Immersion in water promotes a sense of deep relaxation, reducing anxiety and stress during labor. Relaxation can help facilitate a smoother birth process and may even [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to a shorter labor. **Improved blood circulation:** The water’s buoyancy helps reduce pressure on the mother’s body, allowing for better blood circulation and optimal oxygen supply to both the mother and baby. **Increased mobility:** The weightlessness and freedom of movement in water can make it easier for the mother to change positions, promoting optimal fetal positioning and facilitating a smoother descent of the baby through the birth canal. **Gentle transition for the baby:** Babies spend nine months in the [amniotic fluid](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/amniotic-fluid/) within the womb, and being born into warm water can provide a gentle transition into the outside world, mimicking the familiar environment of the womb. #### Important Considerations: **Consult with healthcare professionals:** It is crucial to consult with your healthcare provider, such as an [obstetrician](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/obstetrician/) or midwife, to determine if [water birth](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/water-birth/) is a suitable option for you. They will assess your medical history and discuss any potential risks or contraindications. **[Water birth](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/water-birth/) settings:** It can take place at home, birth centers, or certain hospitals. It is essential to choose a facility that supports and has experience with water deliveries, ensuring that the necessary equipment and professionals are available. **Preparation and education:** Attending childbirth education classes that specifically cover [water birth](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/water-birth/) can help you understand the process, learn breathing and relaxation techniques, and familiarize yourself with the [benefits and potential challenges](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/are-home-births-safe/) associated with water delivery. **Partner and support person involvement:** Discuss the role of your partner or support person during the birth. They can provide emotional support, assist with positioning, and ensure your comfort throughout the process. **Safety measures:** The water temperature should be maintained between 95-100 degrees Fahrenheit (35-37 degrees Celsius) and regularly monitored. The tub or pool should be clean and sanitized to prevent infections. **Alternatives to [water birth](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/water-birth/):** It is important to note that even if you plan for a water delivery, circumstances may arise during labor that necessitate [alternative methods](https://deltastrengthdoula.com/) of delivery. Flexibility and open communication with your healthcare team are vital in such situations. [Water birth](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/water-birth/) offers an alternative birthing option for expectant mothers seeking a natural and calming experience. The warm water provides pain relief, promotes relaxation, and allows for greater mobility during labor. However, it is essential to consult with healthcare professionals, evaluate the suitability for water delivery based on individual circumstances. Ensuring a safe and supportive environment for this birthing method. With the proper preparations and precautions, water delivery can be a beautiful and empowering choice for women welcoming their little ones into the world.
[Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) is a natural and [inevitable stage in a woman’s life](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/nabta-health-celebrates-women-during-their-age-of-hope/) that marks the end of reproductive years. While it is a significant milestone, it can also bring about various physical and emotional changes. [Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) often presents a unique set of challenges, but with proper knowledge and strategies, it is possible to navigate this transition with grace and improved well-being. In this article, we will explore effective strategies for managing [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) and empowering women to embrace this new chapter in their lives. #### Understanding [Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) [Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, with the average age being 51. It is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation, which happens when a woman’s [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/) stop producing eggs and her hormone levels, particularly estrogen and [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/), decline. The transition to [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/), known as [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/), can last several years and is often accompanied by various symptoms that can range from mild to severe. #### **Managing Symptoms** **Hot Flashes and Night Sweats:** Hot flashes are one of the most common symptoms of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). To manage them, try wearing light and breathable clothing, avoiding triggers like spicy foods and caffeine, and keeping your living and sleeping spaces cool. Deep breathing [exercises and meditation](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/effects-of-menopause-on-the-body/) techniques can also help reduce the intensity and frequency of hot flashes. **Hormone Replacement Therapy ([HRT](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hrt/)):** For women experiencing severe menopausal symptoms, hormone replacement therapy may be an option. [HRT](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hrt/) involves taking estrogen and, in some cases, [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) to alleviate symptoms. However, [HRT](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hrt/) should be approached with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it carries potential risks and side effects. **Sleep Disturbances:** [Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to [insomnia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insomnia/) and daytime fatigue. Establishing a consistent sleep routine, creating a comfortable sleeping environment, and practicing relaxation techniques before bed can improve sleep quality. Avoiding caffeine and electronic devices close to bedtime is also recommended. **Mood Swings and Emotional Well-being:** [Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) can bring about mood swings, irritability, and feelings of sadness or anxiety. Engaging in regular exercise, such as yoga or brisk walking, can help stabilize mood and reduce stress. Prioritizing self-care, maintaining a support network, and seeking professional help, if needed, are essential for [maintaining emotional well-being](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/effects-of-menopause-on-the-body/) during this phase. **Bone Health:** Estrogen plays a crucial role in maintaining bone density. As estrogen levels decline during [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/), women become more susceptible to [osteoporosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/osteoporosis/). To promote bone health, ensure an adequate intake of calcium and [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) through a balanced diet or supplements. Engaging in weight-bearing exercises, such as strength training or dancing, can also help maintain bone density. **Vaginal Dryness and Sexual Health:** Reduced estrogen levels can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to vaginal dryness, discomfort during intercourse, and a decreased libido. Using water-based lubricants or vaginal moisturizers can alleviate dryness. Open communication with your partner and seeking guidance from a healthcare professional can help address concerns related to sexual health. #### **Lifestyle Adjustments** In addition to symptom management, adopting a healthy lifestyle can contribute to overall well-being during [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/): **Balanced Diet:** A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats supports hormonal balance and provides [essential nutrients](https://awake-wellness.com/about-us). Limiting processed foods, sugar, and caffeine can help manage symptoms. **Regular Exercise:** Engaging in regular physical activity has numerous benefits during [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/), including reducing hot flashes, improving mood, and maintaining bone health. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week, along with strength training exercises. **Stress Management:** [Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/), coupled with other life stressors, can contribute to increased stress levels. Adopt stress management techniques like deep breathing, meditation, yoga, or engaging in hobbies to reduce stress and promote relaxation. **Smoking and Alcohol:** Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can worsen menopausal symptoms and increase the risk of health problems such as [osteoporosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/osteoporosis/) and cardiovascular disease. Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol intake are vital for overall health during [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). #### **Conclusion** While [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) brings about significant changes in a woman’s life, it doesn’t have to be a time of suffering. By understanding the physical and emotional aspects of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) and implementing management strategies, women can successfully navigate this transformative phase. Remember, each woman’s experience is unique, so it’s essential to work closely with healthcare professionals to develop a personalized approach to managing [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) effectively.
‘Hybrid Healthcare’ is the term coined by [Sophie Smith](https://www.linkedin.com/in/sophie-louise-smith/), founder of women’s hybrid health platform [Nabta Health](https://nabtahealth.com/), to define a new model of healthcare where traditional care systems are integrated with digital health solutions to revolutionise the future of global healthcare. In [“Hybrid Healthcare”](https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-04836-4#about-this-book), the book of the same name recently published by [Springer Nature](https://www.springernature.com/gp), authors Smith and [Dr Mussaad Al-Razouki](https://www.linkedin.com/in/razouki/?originalSubdomain=kw) discuss how established clinical techniques, combined with new-age digital systems, will democratise healthcare, empowering patients and providing a more efficient, accessible and holistic healthcare experience. “The intersection of the traditional healthcare system with new digital technologies will enable the rise of a robust hybrid healthcare ecosystem; one that encourages accountability, efficiency and cost-effectiveness through its three pillars of patient centricity, augmented intelligence, and decentralisation.” #### _Digital and traditional healthcare professionals must adopt a hybrid approach_ Successful hybrid care models recognise that face-to-face, in-person healthcare isn’t going anywhere. The disruption of physician-led traditional care delivery mechanisms can be a win-win for patient and system. The authors argue that the digital health entrepreneurs willing to work alongside traditional clinical pathways stand the best chance of successfully addressing the many healthcare challenges of the 21st century. #### _Hybrid healthcare builds on pandemic sector shake-up_ The concept of hybrid healthcare may seem familiar, even obvious now, as we emerge from several years of the global Covid-19 pandemic. In reality, the concept envisioned by Nabta Health in 2018 was accelerated due to necessity during the Covid-19 pandemic. The healthcare system was forced to adapt at speed, adopting telehealth and remote care models to support patients during lengthy lockdowns. And with shifts in patient expectations, healthcare providers are emerging into a post-pandemic world where they are forced to offer a more patient-centric, patient-led care service. Blended in-person and virtual care. The pandemic has fast-forwarded disruption across the global healthcare sector. The future of healthcare is hybrid healthcare. #### _Embracing the next generation model of hybrid healthcare_ The book [“Hybrid Healthcare”](https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-04836-4#about-this-book) is a deep dive into the potential of this exciting and rapidly growing sector. It looks at the role for virtual and electronic tools, including digital diagnostics, electronic medical records, and online health marketplaces. It discusses the possibilities for artificial intelligence, blockchain, robotic surgery, and cloud biology. And it introduces existing examples of successful hybrid healthcare solutions. As Smith says, “Hybrid healthcare has the ability to take on the challenges of a rapidly growing, increasingly unhealthy global population by exponentially increasing its base and pace of delivery using the power of digital technologies, data collection, and analytics. “We must work together, digital and traditional, if we are to survive.”
Think you might be pregnant but it’s too early to show on an at-home pregnancy test? Or maybe you want to know when’s the right time to take a pregnancy test to get an accurate result? When you’re trying for a baby and want to know if you’ve conceived, the waiting and wondering can feel interminable. While the only way to know for certain that you’re pregnant is with a positive pregnancy test, there are some ways to calculate that you might be pregnant. #### _What are the signs I should take a pregnancy test?_ Early signs of pregnancy differ for every woman. You may feel instinctively that your body is changing. Or you may notice some [common early pregnancy symptoms](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/am-i-pregnant-13-early-signs-of-pregnancy/): – Light spotting ([implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/) bleeding) – Tender or sore breasts – Nausea and possibly vomiting – Mild cramps and abdominal pain – Headaches – Tiredness and fatigue – Food cravings – Frequent urge to pee – Metallic taste in mouth – Missed period – A general feeling that something is ‘different’ Although not all women will experience these very early pregnancy symptoms, they can be an indicator that it’s time to take a pregnancy test. #### _I have irregular periods. How do I calculate if I’m pregnant?_ Irregular menstrual cycles make it tricky to know for certain when you are ovulating and difficult to decide when you should take a pregnancy test. Look for the common early signs of pregnancy above. And if you have been measuring your basal body temperature (BBT), a [persistent rise in BBT](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/basal-body-temperature/about/pac-20393026) for 18 days or longer after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) might indicate pregnancy. #### _When is a pregnancy test positive?_ A [pregnancy test](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-do-pregnancy-tests-work/) is only positive after [implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/), when the fertilised egg attaches to the lining of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) wall. Over the counter urine tests measure the levels of [human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532950/) hormone which is only present if you are pregnant. hCG levels start to rise straight after [implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/). Most at-home pregnancy tests return a positive result around the time of your first missed period, when hCG reaches detectable levels in the urine. If your periods are regular this is about 14-16 days after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). That said, [healthcare professionals](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/accuracy-of-home-pregnancy-tests/) recommend waiting for up to 21 days after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/), or at least a week after your missed period, before taking a home pregnancy test. For some women it can take time for pregnancy hormone levels to be high enough for a urine test to detect, resulting in an inaccurate result if taken too early. If you don’t want to wait until after you have missed your period, you should wait 7 to 14 days after you had sex to take a test. Just remember that you might get an inaccurate result if you take the test too soon. #### _How do online pregnancy confirmation calculators work?_ Unsurprisingly, there’s also an online tool to calculate if you are pregnant before you use a pregnancy test kit. [Online pregnancy confirmation calculators](https://www.medindia.net/patients/calculators/pregnancy_confirmation.asp) promise to detect if you are pregnant using your menstrual cycle length, last menstrual period date and symptoms. Ultimately though, the only way to know for sure is by taking a pregnancy test.
You’re ready to start a family and you want to know what helps you get pregnant fast. Conceiving can take time, and fertility is different for every woman and couple. If you are trying for a baby, there are natural ways to increase your chances of getting pregnant. #### _Getting your body ready for pregnancy_ You can start by taking some lifestyle steps to prepare your body for conception. Your health before pregnancy can improve your chances of conceiving. And preconception wellbeing contributes to a healthy pregnancy. So, in the 3 to 4 months before trying for a baby: – Take **prenatal vitamins**: Start taking prenatal vitamins with [folic acid](https://nabtahealth.com/product/folic-acid-test/) before and during pregnancy to ensure your body is nutritionally strong, with all the [minerals and vitamins required for healthy fetal developmen](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/4-supplements-to-take-when-trying-to-conceive/)t. – Get a **well-woman health check**: Get a full preconception medical to flag any potential health issues that could affect you getting pregnant naturally or could affect your pregnancy. Use this check-up to make sure your vaccinations are up to date. – **Stop smoking, vaping,** and **drugs**. Limit **alcohol** intake and cut back on **caffeine**. – Eat a [**balanced diet**](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/eating-to-conceive/): Boost your health with a varied diet covering all five food groups. – Keep a **healthy weight**: Being underweight, obese or overweight can affect your fertility. – **Exercise** regularly: Exercise that builds strength, endurance and muscle tone will help your body stay healthy and strong during pregnancy and labour. – Get lots of sleep: Sleep patterns affect hormones. Stick to a regular 7-8 hours sleep routine as you prepare your body to conceive. – **Reduce stress**: High stress levels are linked with difficulties getting pregnant. – **Come off hormonal contraception**: If you’re on hormonal contraception (the pill, [IUD](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iud/), patch, ring implant) your body needs time to readjust and for cycles to return to your personal normal. #### _Know your fertile window_ Timing is everything when you want to conceive. You need to time sex with [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). The man’s [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) must meet and fertilise the woman’s egg at the right time. Knowing your fertile window and timing sexual intercourse with [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) is key to increasing your chances of getting pregnant. Women typically ovulate around 12 to 14 days before their next period. If your periods are regular (the average menstrual cycle is 28 days but it’s normal for women’s cycles to be anywhere from 21 to 40 days) you count back from the first day of when you would expect your next period. #### _Trying to get pregnant_ Have sex at least every 2 to 3 days in the [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/)\-up to [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). [Sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) can survive for several days in the female reproductive tract and once you’ve ovulated your egg has a 12-to-24-hour window for fertilisation, so for the best chances of conception have regular sex in the [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) up to that brief window. #### _What are the signs of [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/)?_ Use fertility awareness methods to predict when you are most likely to conceive. If you have irregular cycles, combine these non-invasive physiological cues with tracking your menstrual cycle length to determine when you are most fertile: – Check [**cervical mucous**](https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cervical-mucus-method/about/pac-20393452): As you near [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) you’ll notice your discharge becomes clear, stretchy, and wet, with the consistency of raw egg whites. This means you are at your most fertile. – Chart your [**basal body temperature (BBT)**](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21065-basal-body-temperature): There’s a small rise in body temperature after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). Measuring BBT over 3-4 cycles will give a fairly accurate prediction of the exact point of [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). Other methods for tracking [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) include: – **Calendar method**: This works by recording menstrual cycles on a calendar for 6-12 months and calculating fertile periods. It’s most effective as a fertility predictor when combined with cervical mucous and BBT methods. – [](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-do-ovulation-predictor-kits-work/)**[Ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) predictor kits**: Over the counter [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) kits work in a similar way to at-home pregnancy tests. You pee on a stick measuring luteinizing hormone and a surge in this hormone indicates [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). Unfortunately, this doesn’t prove an egg has been released and a woman can have the hormone surge but fail to ovulate. – **Period tracker apps**: Smartphone [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) tracker apps, like [OvuSense](https://nabtahealth.com/product/fertility-cycle-monitoring-with-ovusense/), monitor menstrual cycles and predict fertility. Fertility awareness, knowing and understanding your body and its menstrual cycles, and lots of patience, helps lots of couples to conceive. But getting pregnant isn’t always as straightforward as knowing your body and having lots of sex. If it’s taking longer than expected to fall pregnant, make an appointment with your healthcare team. If you are under 35 see a doctor after 12 months of trying for a baby. If you are over 35 seek advice after 6 months of trying to get pregnant. [Nabta Health](https://nabtahealth.com/) provides personalised and evidence-based support and resources for women, wherever they are on their fertility journey.
Ectopic literally means ‘abnormal place or position’. An [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is when the fertilised egg implants outside the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) and the embryo begins to develop in that site. The most common location is the fallopian tube, but ectopic pregnancies can also happen in the ovary, abdomen and sometimes in the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/) or a [c-section scar](https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/complications/testing-for-ectopic-pregnancy-what-to-expect/). Unfortunately, the fetus can’t develop or survive in sites outside the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/), which are unable to hold a growing embryo. And there is serious risk to the mother’s health if the [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is not diagnosed. #### _How can I detect an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/)?_ Ectopic [pregnancy symptoms](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/pregnancy-symptoms/) usually develop [from the 4th week of pregnancy](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/). Signs to look for include: – Intermittent vaginal bleeding, watery and brownish in colour – Persistent sharp abdominal cramps and pain low on one side – Nausea and vomiting – Shoulder tip pain – Urge to go to the toilet, discomfort when doing a pee or a poo, and sometimes [diarrhoea](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/diarrhoea/). Sometimes an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is only detected during a routine pregnancy ultrasound scan. If you have experienced one [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/), there is a [10% risk](https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/ectopic-pregnancy-information-support) of it happening again. _Does an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) show up on a home pregnancy test?_ Ectopic pregnancies produce [human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532950/) so register as a positive on a home pregnancy test. #### _How do doctors diagnose an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/)?_ An [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is tricky to diagnose because the [symptoms](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/pregnancy-symptoms/) can be confused with a healthy pregnancy, with all the typical early signs of pregnancy, including missed periods, tender breasts, and fatigue. And not every woman has symptoms. Or even realises she is pregnant. Doctors usually diagnose an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) with a test to [measure hCG in the blood](https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/complications/testing-for-ectopic-pregnancy-what-to-expect/). In an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) levels of the hormone rise at a slower rate than in a normal pregnancy. A pelvic exam with a [transvaginal ultrasound](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/transvaginal-ultrasound/) scan then confirms the size and position of the pregnancy. #### _What happens if an [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is not detected?_ It’s crucial to diagnose ectopic [pregnancy early](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/am-i-pregnant-13-early-signs-of-pregnancy/). Unfortunately, the embryo can’t be saved and could mean ruptured [fallopian tubes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fallopian-tube/), internal bleeding, or even maternal death if left untreated. [Signs of a fallopian tube rupture include](https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/ectopic-pregnancy-information-support) – Sudden intense abdominal pain – Dizziness and weakness or fainting – Feeling nauseous – Looking very pale and unwell. If you notice any symptoms of a ruptured fallopian tube, you must call emergency services at once and go directly to your closest hospital for urgent medical attention. #### _Treatment for [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/)_ If a doctor confirms [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) in its early stages, they will probably prescribe a [methotrexate](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191676/) injection. Methotrexate stops the cells dividing and halts embryo growth. But if the [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is advanced or ruptured, surgery may be necessary to remove it under general anaesthetic with a [laparoscopy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/laparoscopy/) (keyhole surgery). The surgeon will remove the pregnancy, and may remove the fallopian tube if they decide that is the best approach for the mother’s safety. An [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) is a distressing and potentially life-threatening event for any woman. If something doesn’t feel right, or if you notice signs or symptoms of a potential [ectopic pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ectopic-pregnancy/) go to your nearest healthcare centre at once.
Congratulations, you’re pregnant! Maybe your [at-home pregnancy test](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-do-pregnancy-tests-work/) is positive, or perhaps your doctor has confirmed your pregnancy with a blood test. Either way, these are exciting, scary, and nerve-wracking times. If this is your first pregnancy, life is about to completely change. If you have been pregnant before, you know the ins and outs of those early days. And as these first weeks and months of pregnancy can feel like a physical and emotional rollercoaster it’s worth a reminder of where you should focus your energy for you and your little one. #### _Here are 13 dos and don’ts for a healthy pregnancy_ #### _Do…_ 1\. First things first. Take **Folic acid**. Folic acid can prevent [](https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/keeping-well/vitamins-supplements-and-nutrition/)[neural tube](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/neural-tube/) defects in your baby, including spina bifida. The minute you know you are pregnant, take 400 micrograms daily for at least 12 weeks. And try to eat foods rich in [folate](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/folate/), including leafy greens, citrus fruits, and pulses. 2\. Make an appointment to see your **maternal healthcare team** and schedule your antenatal checks, tests, and screenings. 3\. Take Antenatal (prenatal) **vitamins**. [Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/), [vitamin B12](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-b12/), [iron](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iron/), iodine, calcium, and vitamin C are essential for your baby’s healthy development and must be taken in the right quantities. Antenatal vitamins are designed to include safe amounts of the vitamins and minerals your body needs most during pregnancy. 4\. Eat a **healthy diet**. A balanced diet during pregnancy includes the five food groups – fruit, vegetables, wholegrains, lean proteins, and good fats. Remember, the maternal diet supplies all the essential nutrients to the growing fetus via the [umbilical cord](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/umbilical-cord/) and [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/). 5\. **Sleep**, rest, and sleep some more. Your body is working around the clock to create a little person. Exhaustion is totally normal, as is putting your feet up and getting lots of rest. You have a good excuse! 6\. Stay active. Regular **exercise** that builds strength, endurance and muscle tone will help your body stay healthy and strong during pregnancy and labour. #### _Don’t…_ 7\. **Drink alcohol**. If you drink alcohol, stop. At least for the next 9 months. When you drink, alcohol passes through the [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/) to your baby. Exposure to alcohol affects your baby’s development and leads to a higher chance of [miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/), premature birth, and low birth weight. It could also [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to [fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FADS)](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/foetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder/). 8\. **Smoke**. Put that cigarette out, or vape down, now. Smoking during pregnancy can [damage your unborn baby’s brain and lungs](https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/health_effects/pregnancy/index.htm). It increases the risk of [miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/), preterm delivery, and low birth weight. And some studies link smoking during pregnancy and following birth with [SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome](https://www.lullabytrust.org.uk/safer-sleep-advice/smoking/)). 9\. Drink too much **caffeine**. Caffeine can cross the placental barrier and some studies say it may increase the risk of [miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/) or [low birth weight](https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/moderate-daily-caffeine-intake-during-pregnancy-may-lead-smaller-birth-size). If caffeinated drinks are getting you through the day try to limit your daily intake to 200 milligrams. 10. Eat **raw meat**, unpasteurised dairy products, or undercooked meat and eggs. Some foods carry the risk of food poisoning, infections, and serious illness. [Listeriosis](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/listeriosis) and [](https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/index.html)[toxoplasmosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/toxoplasmosis/) can pass to the fetus and cause severe birth defects and sometimes [miscarriage](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/miscarriage/). Make sure all food you eat during pregnancy is pasteurised and well-cooked. 11. Clean out the **cat litter.** You can still cuddle your cats, just ask someone else to take on the litter cleaning job while you are pregnant. [](https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info/pregnant.html)[Toxoplasmosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/toxoplasmosis/) can be transmitted through parasites in a cat’s poo. 12. Have a **sauna**, hot tub, jacuzzi or steam room. According to some health experts, a [significant rise in core body temperature could be harmful during](https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/pregnancy/is-it-safe-to-use-a-sauna-or-jacuzzi-if-i-am-pregnant/) the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Doctors also warn there are risks of overheating, dehydration, dizziness, and fainting. 13. Do **contact sports**, scuba diving and any activities where there is a risk of falling and hurting your bump, like climbing, horse riding and skiing. Remember, if in doubt, ask your maternal health team for advice. And if anything doesn’t feel right, don’t hesitate to contact your nearest healthcare clinic. [Nabta Health](https://nabtahealth.com/shop/) provides personalised support, resources, and clinical pathways for mothers-to-be. Get in touch if you have any questions about topics raised in this article, or any aspect of your pregnancy journey.
[Cultural attitudes to](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0898010107299432) [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) differ across the globe and in some cases across continents. Stigma. Taboo. Misconceptions. Embarrassment. Barriers to care. A biological stage that will be experienced by half the world’s population is still largely hidden in secrecy and euphemism, ‘the change’. 51% of the world’s population will go through [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) and each woman’s experience of how [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) affects the body is deeply personal and unique to her. There is also a clear difference in how women in diverse cultures experience this natural stage in a woman’s life. #### _Culture influences the way women experience [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)_ [Studies](https://www.pghr.org/post/menopause-understanding-the-implications-of-society-and-culture) show that our culture and its influence on the way we approach [menopaus](https://nabtahealth.com/product/menopause-wellbeing-consultation/)e has a powerful effect on how women experience [perimenopausal symptoms](https://nabtahealth.com/product/perimenopause-test/). And whether [](https://nabtahealth.com/product/menopause-wellbeing-consultation/)[menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) is seen as a positive or negative event. Research by [Yale School of Medicine](https://medicine.yale.edu/) reported in [Reuters Health](https://www.reuters.com/news/archive/healthNews) found that [“In societies where age is more revered and the older woman is the wiser and better woman, menopausal symptoms are significantly less bothersome,”](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-menopause-perceptions-idUSKBN0OL1XH20150605)according to [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) study author [Dr Mary Jane Minkin](https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/maryjane_minkin/), a professor in obstetrics, gynaecology and reproductive health. And [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) specialist Dr Sandra Thompson explained [to Reuters Health](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-menopause-perceptions/culture-may-influence-how-women-experience-menopause-idUSKBN0OL1XH20150605), [“If](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-menopause-perceptions-idUSKBN0OL1XH20150605) [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) symptoms were due solely to hormonal changes then the menopausal experience would be more homogenous.” In the West, the arrival of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) is viewed with something akin to dread. Like death and taxes, it is treated with a bleak inevitability, something women cannot avoid and must bear in embarrassed silence. While in some cultures in the Middle East, Asia and for certain First Nations people the ‘transition’ is a time of renewal, transformation and improved social status. And in [shamanic cultures](https://www.womenshealthnetwork.com/menopause-and-perimenopause/menopause-in-different-cultures/#:~:text=A%20common%20belief%20among%20traditional,their%20shamanic%20and%20healing%20powers) [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) is a spiritual wakening. Women must go through [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) to access their wiser selves. In societies where aging is viewed positively, women report fewer symptoms of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Dr Mary Jane Minkin told Reuters Health, [“Where older is not better, many women equate](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-menopause-perceptions-idUSKBN0OL1XH20150605) [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) with old age, and symptoms can be much more devastating.” #### _What’s in a name? [Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) in Western society_ The word [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) literally means ‘monthly stop’, making a direct reference to the end of menstruation. It comes from the ancient Greek ‘men’ (month) and ‘pausis’ (cease). In Western women the focus is on the collection of emotional and physical symptoms resulting from the decline in reproductive hormones and their link with aging. The top 10 signs of [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) are hot flashes, irregular periods, loss of libido, hair loss, vaginal dryness, brain fog, mood swings, [insomnia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insomnia/), night sweats and weight gain. [Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) awareness is evolving in the West with vocal celebrity Gen X campaigners forcing a much-needed public debate, but there is still a way to go. For too long now the view of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) in popular Western culture has been miserable. Menopausal women are presented as having passed their sell by date. As if a woman’s value is defined by her youth and fertility. Her usefulness and attractiveness linked with her ability to produce children. This is even reflected in the way the healthcare profession has traditionally treated ‘women’s problems’, shrugging off a natural part of aging that affects over 50% of the population with limited investment in medical research and training. And this has played out in workplaces. Little understanding of the physical and emotional impacts of [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) on the female workforce means there is inadequate support in the workplace. This means that women going through ‘the change’ are leaving the workforce early. They are overwhelmed by the burden of symptoms. Fears of hot flashes in meetings, flooding, impact of brain fog and sleeplessness, and hair loss force an early retirement. And yet until recently [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) hasn’t been a subject working women think they can broach. But even across Western society there are differences in how women report their experience of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). For example, in Scandinavian countries Denmark, Norway and Sweden women surveyed didn’t find it as bad as expected. While in the United Kingdom and North America women report finding the experience much more difficult than predicted. #### _[Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) in Middle East_ Knowledge and experience of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) differs by ethnic and [socioeconomic](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/socioeconomic/) group across the Middle East. The word ‘[menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)’ in Arabic translates to ‘age of despair’. The expression is thought to be linked with the end of childbearing years, rather than feelings of hopelessness around aging and the experience of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). A 2021 advertising campaign in Saudi Arabia by a sanitary products brand aimed to change the perceptions of [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) in the Middle East because 81% of Saudi women surveyed believed the word for [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) should be changed to something more positive such as, [“renewal, reflection, wisdom or creativity”.](https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/tena-bids-rebrand-menopause-women-middle-east/1709590) #### _[Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) in Eastern culture_ In general women in [Asian cultures report fewer hot flashes](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23562010/) or night sweats, but more mood changes, [insomnia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insomnia/), and muscle and joint pains. The post-reproductive years are widely viewed as a positive transition into a stage of life crucial to society: older, experienced, and wise women with energy to spare. #### _[Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) in Japan_ In Japan ‘konenki’ means renewal of life and regeneration. Women in Japan generally report fewer perimenopausal and menopausal symptoms. While there may be diet and lifestyle considerations – the Japanese diet is high in soy, which contains [phytoestrogens isoflavones](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6390141/) – there’s no doubt the more positive cultural attitude to [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) in Japanese society also plays a role. #### _[Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) in India_ Some communities in India embrace [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) as a [time of liberation](https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb30321.x). The women of Rajasthan report experiencing typical perimenopausal symptoms, but view [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) as a natural stage of life that comes with benefits and frees them from societal constraints. #### _[Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) and First Nations women_ The limited research on attitudes to [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) among [Mayan](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378512203000367) and Aboriginal women reports that the communities [embrace the freedom and gain in status](https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6874-14-47) brought by the menopausal transition. More detailed research is needed on reporting of symptoms, although exploratory interviews with Mayan women reported typical perimenopausal symptoms were accepted with [“equanimity; and rejoicing at the cessation of their periods”.](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378512203000367) [Menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) is a [neutral or positive experience](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554544/) for Native American Indians, who are celebrated as ‘women of wisdom’ in their communities. #### _Positive [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) support with Nabta Health_ If you are going through [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) or if you think you might be experiencing signs of [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) symptoms speak with your healthcare team about options for managing your symptoms. Nabta Health offers a wealth of resources, access to clinical advice, at-home testing, and wellness kits to support you during your [perimenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perimenopause/) and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) journey.
If you’re trying to get pregnant, the wait from possible conception to seeing those longed-for two blue lines is a time of nervous anticipation, impatience, and anxiety. Early signs of pregnancy differ from woman to woman. And every pregnant woman experiences her pregnancy symptoms at different times. Some women feel intuitively that their body is changing before they realise they are pregnant. Other women won’t know until they miss their period or do a pregnancy test. #### _What are the pregnancy signs in the first week?_ So, I think I might be pregnant. What should I look out for? After [conception, fertilisation](https://myexpertmidwife.com/blogs/my-expert-midwife/0-4-weeks-from-period-to-pregnant) and [implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/) [things start to happen quickly in your body](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/your-pregnancy-weeks-1-2/). Some [pregnancy tests](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-do-pregnancy-tests-work/) can detect hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) hormone levels as early as one or two weeks after conception. And your body could show first signs and symptoms of pregnancy at around the same time. 1\. Spotting: Some women notice very light ‘[implantation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/implantation/) bleeding’. This might be as little as a spot or two of blood, or some pinkish discharge over a few days. 2\. Mild cramping: Women may experience minor cramps or discomfort in the lower abdomen, back or pelvis area when the embryo attaches to the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) lining. 3\. [Tender breasts](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/your-pregnancy-week-5/): Breasts sometimes feel swollen or sore to the touch due to hormonal changes. They may also tingle, or veins may be more visible through the skin. 4\. [Missed period](https://myexpertmidwife.com/blogs/my-expert-midwife/4-8-weeks-pregnancy-hormones-and-symptoms-to-babys-early-developments): If your periods are regular and you skip a period, or your period is a week or more late, you should do a pregnancy test. 5\. Nausea: Morning sickness with nausea, and sometimes vomiting, is a common pregnancy symptom during the first trimester. Feeling nauseous can start as early as a few weeks after conception for some women. 6\. Headaches: Mild headaches, sometimes accompanied by dizziness, are due to hormonal changes and the increase in blood pumping around your body. 7\. Raised basal body temperature (BBT): A consistently high BBT for 18 days or more may be an early sign of pregnancy. 8\. Heightened sense of smell (hyperosmia): Sensitivity to smells and strong odours is one of the first indicators of pregnancy in many women. 9\. Metallic taste in mouth: Some women experience a strange metallic taste in the mouth (as if you have licked a pocketful of coins!) in early pregnancy. This seems to disappear after the first trimester. 10. [Intense fatigue](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/your-pregnancy-week-5/): Higher levels of [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) can mean extreme tiredness and exhaustion. This is a common sign of pregnancy during the early months. 11. Frequent urge to pee: If you find you need to rush to the bathroom more often, and you have other pregnancy symptoms, it may be time to take a pregnancy test. 12. Bloated feeling: Some people have a feeling of fullness, or bloating, like having a gassy stomach, in the first weeks after conception. 13. Food cravings: An unexplained need for salt and vinegar crisps with caramel ice cream? Bizarre food cravings are a pregnancy symptom hallmark. #### _How do I know for sure that I’m pregnant?_ You may experience all, or some, or just one of these early pregnancy symptoms (most likely the missed period!) but this doesn’t mean a more, or less, healthy pregnancy. Just remember not to compare your own experience to anyone else’s early pregnancy journey. A positive pregnancy test, [taken at least one week after your period is due](https://myexpertmidwife.com/blogs/my-expert-midwife/0-4-weeks-from-period-to-pregnant), and those two all-important blue lines, is the only way to know for sure that you are pregnant. #### _I have a positive pregnancy test… Now what?_ If you have missed your period and your [at-home pregnancy test](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-do-pregnancy-tests-work/) is positive, the next step is to make an appointment to see your doctor. If you aren’t yet taking [folic acid](https://nabtahealth.com/product/folic-acid-test/), start taking antenatal vitamins now. These early months will see vital developments for you and your baby. Rest, when possible, eat a well-balanced diet, drink plenty of fluids, say goodbye to alcohol and smoking, and let the news sink in…
* Maintaining your vaginal pH will keep fungal and bacterial infections at bay. * If your vaginal pH is raised you will be more prone to infections. * The presence of menstrual blood and semen, both alkaline, can cause the vaginal pH level to rise. * Your doctor might prescribe antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection. Your vaginal [microbiome](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/microbiome/), also known as your “vaginal flora”, is the collective term for the colonies of bacteria that live inside your [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/). These bacteria keep your [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/) healthy and help to protect it against genitourinary infections. The most common type of bacteria found in a healthy vaginal [microbiome](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/microbiome/) is a genus of bacteria called Lactobacillus, so called because of the lactic acid they produce. This lactic acid is what keeps the [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/)’s pH balance at a slightly acidic level, thereby preventing the growth of yeast, bad bacteria and other [pathogenic](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pathogenic/) organisms which prefer a more alkaline environment to survive. Our vaginal pH moves up and down naturally during our lifetime. During a woman’s reproductive years a normal vaginal pH is moderately acidic at 3.8-4.5. Before a woman’s first menstrual period and following her [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) a pH higher than 4.5 is considered a healthy level. Below 7 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline, or basic. A lower pH means a more acidic vaginal environment and one that is less susceptible to infections. #### What happens when your vaginal ph balance is off? If your vaginal pH is raised you will be more prone to infections. A high vaginal pH is a risk factor for yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, UTIs and some STDs, for example: * **Bacterial vaginosis** results from a shift in bacterial balance in your [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/) and an overgrowth of harmful [microorganisms](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/microorganisms/). It causes itching, greyish or yellow discharge and a foul odour. Untreated it can increase the risk of humanpapillomavirus ([HPV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hpv/)), herpes and [HIV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hiv/). * **Trichmoniasis** is a common [STD](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/std/) caused by a parasite and is associated with [pelvic inflammatory disease and enhanced](https://www.health.gov.au/resources/pregnancy-care-guidelines/part-g-targeted-maternal-health-tests/trichomoniasis) [HIV](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hiv/) transmission. Symptoms in women include a smelly yellowish discharge and itching and a burning sensation. * **Vaginal yeast infections** are caused when the fungus candida, which can be naturally present in the [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/), overcomes healthy bacteria. Yeast infections cause itching and irritation and vaginal pain. A higher vaginal pH can also make you more susceptible to regular **Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)** and [researchers have linked it with](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01936/full) [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/) and premature birth. Your doctor might prescribe antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection and various over-the-counter medications are available to treat yeast infections. #### What causes an unbalanced vaginal pH? The presence of menstrual blood and semen, both alkaline, can cause the vaginal pH level to rise. Douching interferes with the pH level by upsetting the delicate flora and fauna. And taking antibiotics, while important for treating infections, kills both the bad bacteria and the good [microorganisms](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/microorganisms/) required to maintain an ideal pH range. #### How can you correct your pH balance? There are various things you can do to maintain or restore a healthy pH balance: * Avoid douching and harsh soaps, they will throw off your [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/)’s pH even more. * Change tampons, sanitary pads and period panties frequently. * Take probiotics to reintroduce good bacteria, and * To avoid contact with semen, use a condom or other barrier method of contraception when you have sex. **Top tip!** If you notice that the colour in the seat of your underwear – where it makes contact with your vulva – is faded, you may have an overly acidic vaginal pH. Check out our [High Vaginal pH Underwear pack](https://nabtahealth.com/shop) for a period pantie that won’t fade if your vaginal pH fluctuates over time. — Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary)[menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). You can track your menstrual cycle and get [personalised support by using the Nabta app.](https://nabtahealth.com/our-platform/nabta-app/) Get in touch if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you.
* More than [50% of women](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2684510/) will experience noticeable hair loss at some stage. * Female hair loss is more common in women in the months following childbirth. * Changing levels of hormones can cause hair follicles to shrink and hair to thin. * Following a nutritionally balanced diet can help reduce hairl oss. Hair loss in women is more common than you might think. Many people assume that hair loss only affects men, and it certainly gets more attention. Hair shedding is part of a natural balance. According to the [Cleveland Clinic](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16921-hair-loss-in-women), on average women shed between 50 to 100 hairs each day and new hair replaces it at the same time. Your scalp hair can last on your head for up to six years. Your shorter, lighter hair – eyelashes, eyebrows, leg and arm hair – last around a month before falling out. #### What is the difference between natural hair shedding and female hair loss? Female hair loss is when a woman experiences sudden heavy hair loss or ongoing hair thinning beyond natural shedding. [There are several types of female hair loss](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16921-hair-loss-in-women): * **Anagen effluvium** is caused by medicines, for example, [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/), that poison a growing hair follicle. * **Telogen effluvium** is when a higher number of follicles reach the telogen stage when hair falls out. * **Female pattern hair loss (FPHL)** is when hair progressively thins across the whole scalp. * Male pattern balding or **androgenic [alopecia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/alopecia/)** when hair is lost at the top of the head and the sides of the frontal hairline. The most significant cause of hair loss in women is female pattern hair loss. It’s estimated that FPHL affects some 40% of women under the age of 50. #### What causes hair loss in women? Any girl or woman can experience hair loss, however, female hair loss is more common in women in the months following childbirth; women over 40 years; women affected by drugs or [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/); women who have hairstyles that pull on hair, like tight braids and cornrows, or who regularly use harsh chemicals on their hair; women with trichotillomania, a hair-pulling disorder; and menopausal women. In addition, women who have [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) and/or elevated levels of [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) can experience receding hairlines, similar to male pattern baldness. This is known [androgenic](https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/patients-guide-management-hair-loss-polycystic-ovary-syndrome) [alopecia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/alopecia/) and The risk factors for hair loss in women vary: * Harsh hairstyling, heat styling and chemicals * Nutritional deficiency * Rapid weight loss * Toxic substances including [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/), radiation therapy and some medications * Excessive use of some supplements * Extreme physical or emotional stress * Thyroid conditions * Some autoimmune conditions such as [alopecia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/alopecia/) areata and [lupus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lupus/) * Excess of male hormones or [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) * Hormone changes caused by pregnancy, [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) or birth control pills * Genes and hereditary hair loss * Trichotillomania * Aging #### Why do women lose their hair during and post-[menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/)? There is a strong link between [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/) and hair loss in women. Estrogen and [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) levels fall during [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/), meaning that the effect of the [androgens](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/androgen/), male hormones, are increased. The changing levels of hormones can cause hair follicles to shrink and hair to thin out in some areas while growing more in other areas. #### Treating women’s hair loss Look after your hair. Be aware of and try to ease off any harsh styling. [The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD)](https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/hair-loss/insider/shedding) suggests, “making some simple changes to your hair care can help prevent breakage that can eventually cause hair loss.” Try to follow a nutritionally balanced diet and avoid restrictive or rapid weight loss diets. And speak to your healthcare provider or doctor if you are concerned about how much hair you are losing or gradual hair thinning. They may examine you for any underlying health conditions and ask about your family’s health history. They may also refer you to a dermatologist or trichologist, a specialist focused on the hair and scalp who can advise you on potential solutions and treatment options. — If you are concerned you may be experiencing a change in hormone levels, get tested in the privacy of your own home by ordering a blood test [here.](https://nabtahealth.com/shop) Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary)[menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). You can track your menstrual cycle and get [personalised support by using the Nabta app.](https://nabtahealth.com/our-platform/nabta-app/) [Get in touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#260314165f474a4a476648474452474e43474a524e0845494b) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you.
